Computer Information System Brief - 1518 Words

Abstract In this paper I explain what opportunities Kudler Fine Foods has in terms of information technology, and describe how the company might benefit from implementing enterprise-wide computer information system. Computer information system brief Kudler Fine Foods (KFF) is a local chain of gourmet food stores with annual sales of more than 10M offering specialized products to targeted customers. The company has three locations in the San Diego metropolitan area (La Jolla, Del Mar and Encinitas) and plans to add more stores soon (Kudler Fine Foods, 2008). As a typical mid-size food retailer KFF has following key accounting information system needs: †¢ Inventory management and optimization †¢ Customer and sales management †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦However, in an effort to leverage the information to create a more intimate relationship with their customers, the firm is developing a system to track customer purchase behavior over time. Basically KFF is wasting recourses creating one more stand-alone module that is not integrated in enterprise-wide inventory system. It would be more cost efficient for Kudler to do some customization of inventory management to obtain information about customer behavior. Company’s web site doesn’t provide customers with an opportunity to place online orders. The company would benefit from installing e-commerce software and connecting it to merchandise database. It would be beneficial for Kudler to run a blog on company’s web site where customers can give a feedback and learn about in-store events, cooking classes, gourmet recipes, etc. Revenue management POS system in every store provides daily sales report. This report is a starting point for each store manager to forecast future sales and cash flows. Sometimes stores have difficulties with cash purchases of large amounts of fresh locally grown produce, because of not sufficient cash on store’s bank account. If stores were able to have one consolidated bank account it would be easier to accumulate cash for purchases. The main obstacle to it is an absence of integrated computer information systemShow MoreRelatedComputer Information System Brief1310 Words   |  6 Pagesbakery. Our firm has been hired by Kudler Fine Foods in order to assess their accounting and information technology systems. This brief will address their business and accounting information needs, their current hardware and software, the strengths and weaknesses of the current computer system, explore opportunities for upgrades in technology use, evaluate threats regarding the current inform ation technology systems, and recommendations that could improve their ability to conduct business. BusinessRead MoreComputer Information System Brief Essay1231 Words   |  5 PagesComputer Information System Brief Jeannie Earling ACC/542 Accounting Information Systems Sanders Moran July 16, 2012 Kudler’s business and accounting information needs Kudler Fine Foods is a gourmet food specialty store that provides consumers with an alternative to traditional grocery stores. It gives consumers options for shopping whether they are trying to find gourmet ingredients for a special meal or wine for a dinner party. Kudler has three stores in the following locations in theRead MoreEssay about Computer Information Systems Brief1193 Words   |  5 PagesComputer Information Systems Brief ACC542 April 12, 2010 Brad Thompson Kudler Fine Foods: Computer Information System Brief Kudler Fine Foods is a gourmet food company operating in La Jolla, Encinitas, and Del Mar California. The owner has plans to extend its services to additional markets. The Kudler Company offers the highest quality products to its customers in gourmet foods and fine wines. In analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of Kudler’s computer system and technologyRead MoreAcc 542 Computer Information System Brief1039 Words   |  5 PagesAcc 5 Computer Information System Brief Elliott Mathieson ACC/542 January 13, 2013 Willard Berry Computer Information System Brief Kudler’s Fine Foods is a small to medium size business that specializes in gourmet foods throughout the San Diego Metropolitan Area. To operate the business efficiently, Kudler uses Retail Enterprise Management System (REMS) to implement the necessary operating for all of the business the Kudler conducts. Like many small to medium size organizations enteringRead MoreRole Of Security Audits On Computer Forensics1239 Words   |  5 PagesLogs in Computer Forensics Sanjeev Shrestha Dept. Computer Science University of Idaho shre6177@vandals.uidaho.edu Abstract A large number of real-world applications, use audit trails or logs to keep in track of system usage and error handling information. Security aspect of these log files and their retrieval from an untrusted machine becomes a topic of vital importance in computer forensics investigation [2, 3]. Accurate retrieval of data from these log files for gathering information is anotherRead MoreThe Development Of Mass Spectra On Organic Chemical Computers821 Words   |  4 Pageslanguage understanding. Later developed (in PhD dissertations at Yale) for use in story understanding by Robert Wilensky and Wendy Lehnert, and for use in understanding memory by Janet Kolodner.† (https://aitopics.org/misc/brief-history) In 1970, an interactive program for computer-aided instruction named Scholar was developed by Jaime Carbonell, â€Å"the basic methodology of Scholar was a tutorial dialogue using templates and keyword recognition.† (http://people.ischool.illinois.edu/~chip/projects/timeline/1969anRead MoreAudit Proposal1094 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding the audit process and how auditors operate is vital since it informs IT managers how to develop an environment that is compliant. More importantly, this brief will discuss the role of the auditor and its responsibilities as well as expand on the role and responsibilities of management during and after the audit. This brief will also focus on the methodologies of how auditors conduct the IT audit process and the specifics that are involved in performing an audit as well as the responsibilitiesRead MoreAssignment Brief1394 Words   |  6 Pagespathways) Assignment Title: Portfolio: Computer Systems Assignment Number: 1 of 1 LEARNING OUTCOMES AND ASSESSMENT CRITERIA COVERED LO1 Understand the function of computer systems 1.1 explain the role of computer systems in different environments 1.2 explain the hardware, software and peripheral components of a computer system 1.3 compare different types of computer systems LO2 Be able to design computer systems 2.1 produce a system design specification to meet a client’sRead MorePower And Influence : Restview Hospital1383 Words   |  6 PagesPower and Influence: Restview Hospital The case study presented by Yukl (2013), entitled â€Å"Restview Hospital,† addresses the hospital’s desire to enhance their system of accounts billing through a new and modernized software package. The process of purchasing the new software to accomplish this task involved thorough research in order to select the most qualified vendor who could best meet the needs of Restview. Unfortunately in this case, the wrong vendor was selected which resulted in a hugeRead MoreDesktops And All Of One Pcs Essay1566 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Computers Figure 3: J McArthur, (2014), All in One PC [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.techreviewer.co.uk/2015-time-to-kiss-your-desktop-goodbye/ [Accessed 9 November 2016]. Desktops and All in One PCs Next, desktops are electronic computer systems that stay in one location for quite a while and only moved if needed to reduce space, the whole reason they are justified as desktop personal computers is they stand statically on top of a desk hence the identity. Desktops can be categorised

Death Penalty Is The Extreme Form Of Punishment Essay

In today’s world if a person commits a crime and is arrested, he or she is indicted and then tried in court with a jury. If that person is convicted of the crime, he is sentenced either by the judge or the jury. Depending on the severity of the crime, the sentence may include but is not limited to community service, probation, jail time, and for the most severe crimes, lengthy sentences up to life imprisonment without parole. This continuum does not include the death penalty. The death penalty is the extreme form of punishment, reserved for cases which include the most horrendous incidences of murder. In the past, the death penalty has also been enforced in cases of treason and spying against the country. It was reported in the article from â€Å"DEATH PENALTY INFORMATION CENTER† that the original use of the death penalty in the United States was significantly influenced by British Law as was the rest of our legal system. The first recorded execution in the new colonies was that of the spy, Captain George Kendall, in 1608. (DEATH PENALTY INFORMATION CENTER) Many of the early executions were carried out by hanging or firing squad. The death penalty has gone through a striking process of evolution since the first recordings of the practice. The death penalty practice is very controversial and highly debated. There are many pros and cons for using this method of punishment. Some people consider the death penalty a necessity. One argument presented in favor of the death penalty isShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On The Death Penalty910 Words   |  4 Pageshistory of capital punishment, and why others believe it is okay. Capital punishment is when someone has committed a crime in which they are sentenced to death. In this paper I will be arguing that the death penalty is okay. Capital punishment has been a controversial and debatable issue for centuries. People have been sentenced to capital punishment since the beginning of time, it has been accepted as fair punishment by law enforcement within any period. Over time capital punishment has become moreRead MoreConstitutionality of the Death Penalty1485 Words   |  6 Pageswas that Simmons was guilty of first degree murder and was sentenced to death. Later court decisions decided that because he was a minor when he committed the murder he could not be justly put to death. In the case the final sentence was life in prison with no bail and no parole. (Bessler, 12-16 ) The excerpt above is from the book Cruel and Unusual. It later states in this book that if Simmons had received the death penalty then that would have violated his eighth and fourteenth amendment rightsRead MoreCapital Punishment : A Form Of Discipline Essay1729 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is capital punishment? Capital punishment is legally killing someone because of the crime they have committed as a form of discipline. Death penalty laws were established back in the 18th Century B.C. In the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon it ordered the death penalty for about 25 different crimes and in the Seventh Century B.C.’s Draconian Code of Athens made the death penalty the punishment for all crimes. The death sentences were executed in many forms such as lethal injection, gas chamberRead MoreDebate on the Death Penalty in America1482 Words   |  6 Pagesthat Simmons was guilty of first degree murder and he was sentenced to death. Later court decision concluded that because he was a minor when he committed the murder he could not be justly given the death penalty. The final sentence was life in prison with no bail and no parole. (Bessler, 12-16 ) The excerpt above is from the book, Cruel and Unusual. It later states in this book that if Simmons had received the death penalty then that would have violated his eighth and fourteenth amendment rightsRead MoreThe Death Penalty Throughout History1074 Words   |  5 Pagesthe development of the death penalty throughout history. It begins with a brief explanation of the origins of capital punishment, referencing the first known documentation of actions punishable by death. The paper goes on to explore different methods of execution and how they have progressed and changed over the years. Documented cases at different points of history are referenced to show the relationship of time periods and beliefs to the implementation of capital punishment. Finally, the developmentRead MoreDeath Sentence Essay998 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punishment, killing a criminal through a lawful process, is one of the most highly debatable subjects in the world. Execution can be done in any of the following ways, beheading, electric chair, firing squads, guillotines, hanging, lethal injection, poison gas, crucifixion and stoning. The most popular form used in t he United States of America is lethal injection. Some may argue that this is the most civil way of killing the criminal, but others would argue that the death penalty is not civilRead MoreThe Capital Punishment Debate Essay1396 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment, also known as the death penalty is a legal sentence for a criminal to be put to death. The Punishment is rising to a controversial topic and has led to a lot of heated debates. As of 2014, over 150 countries have abolished the death penalty and 40 others have not used it in recent years, although it is still legal. The death Penalty is mostly used in extreme cases of crime like rape or murder. The convicted criminals are mostly put to death in inhuman ways such as lethal injectionsRead MoreThe Punishment Permutation in the Philippines809 Words   |  3 Pagesno other way to put into words the dilemma that death penalty poses to the consciousness of individuals than J.R.R. Tolkien’s statement in The Fellowship of the Ring, in which he wrote, â€Å"Many that live deserve death. And some that die deserve life. Can you give it to them?† This predicament can be pointed out as one of the reasons why death penalty has been suspended and reestablished as the years go by in the Philippines. In the past, death penalty has been implemented during the times of FerdinandRead MoreThe Death Penalty Of Capital Punishment903 Words   |  4 PagesDeath Penalty Capital punishment have been a main debate on whether it is a cruel and unusual punishment and what it actually consist of. Even though the death penalty has been abolished in most of the western nation, the United States remain to practice the activity. The death penalty is perceived by an abolitionist as a form of cruel, unusual punishment. The idea comes from the fact that the death penalty deny the criminal their right to life. The judgment to execute criminals comes from governmentRead MoreEssay on The Bible and Capital Punishment1432 Words   |  6 PagesBible and Capital Punishment What Does Christianity Tell Us To Do In Case Of Extreme Crime?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capital Punishment, commonly known as the death penalty, is one of the most controversial problems of our society today. There are many stands you can take with it: yes; no; maybe; only in this situation; only if this doesn’t happen. Even the Bible is undecided about what to do with people who commit such horrendous crimes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Bible first mentions what to do in case of extreme crime in Genesis

Dynamic Natural Monopoly Regulation

Question: Discuss about the Dynamic Natural Monopoly Regulation. Answer: Introduction: The subject economics deals with the basic notion of demand and supply. The entire subject with complicated mathematics, theories, decision-making processes deals only with the way in which equilibrium can be restored in the economy by matching these two components, the demand and the supply. The markets can be categorized into several parts. They are: Monopoly, Oligopoly, Oligopolistic, Monopolistic, Perfect competition and Monopsony. In this essay the four most important forms has been described followed by a details understanding of the natural monopoly market. Perfect Competition is the utopian yet ideal situation of market that any consumer wants(Makowski, 2014). In monopolistic market a few seller sells similar type of product and faces little impediment of exit and entry(Nikaido, 2015). Oligopoly market has few sellers who can individually influence the pattern of trade (Weyl Fabinger, 2013). The 4th type is the market of monopoly, a utopian concept. Monopoly market structure This market is characterized by a single seller. The single seller caters to a large number of buyers. It is a utopian situation. As there is absence of other sellers, hence the monopolist has the power to decide upon the price of the service and goods that he caters to the people. From the very basic concept, it can be said that there is impediment to enter the market (Scitovsky, 2013). Costs Benefits of the firm at average cost pricing: The natural monopoly market is now described in details to understand how the benefits of producer and costs of consumers are calculated to form the equilibrium. Natural monopoly is a situation where there is only one seller or producer of the goods (Lim Yurukoglu, 2015). The entry of other producers is debarred due to the lofty cost associated with the establishment of the set up where the goods will be produced. In other words natural monopoly exists for goods which require enormous fixed cost. Natural monopoly is different from pure monopoly in the sense that the in the former one distributing or allowing other company to produce the same good will lead to an enormous cost. In the later, other firms cannot operate as they are debarred from entering the market by the existing firm and its regulations (Stiglitz Rosengard, 2015). Some important characteristic that makes the market to be a natural monopoly are: Existence of Economies of Scale: The economies of scale imply the situation where there is a fall in the marginal cost of production with an increase in the number of total quantity of output produced. The fixed cost is very high: In any production process there is two types of cost, the fixed and the variable costs. The fixed cost is the burden that the company has to bear even if it does not carry on its production (Simon, 2015). The variable costs are relatively low: In natural monopoly this part of the cost is very low and the number of people taking advantage of the goods and services has negligible power to alter this variable cost. Increasing the number of producer increases the production cost as well as the wastages of the resources involved in production. E.g.: The service provided by the transport sector via railway is cost-effective as there is monopoly. If any other service provider tries to enter the market it has to bear a huge cost in the form of establishing the complex network of infrastructure. At the same time assuming that the number of people taking the service is constant, the consumer gets distributed amongst two service provider and it decreases their revenues. One classic example of natural monopoly market is the railway service which acts as one of the main method of communication and transportation in many countries of the world. Through the above figure, LRAC is the long run average cost curve of the natural monopoly firm. Under monopoly the demand of the firm and average revenue are same and can be depicted by the same downward sloping line. The government of any nation always tries to quote the price of the firm dealing with natural monopoly at the intersecting point of average total cost and demand curve (Hawley, 2015). The reason behind such a step can be highlighted on the basis of the following points: First, the effect on price, quantity produced and dead-weight loss when the monopolist is allowed to decide freely on the service that they provide. Secondly, the ideal situation of price and quantity that the consumer demands differ and the problems associated with the situation has been highlighted. Through the figure above, the situation that may occur if natural monopolists are allowed to work freely has been portrayed. Monopolist always tries to maximize their profits. The situation which helps them to maximize their profit is shown by the intersection of two curves namely the long run marginal cost curve and the curve showing marginal revenue (Stigler Mencken, 2016). If they are allowed to quote their price without any hindrance by the government, then the monopolist will charge a very high price as shown by Pm in the figure. At this high price, very few people will be able to afford the service and hence though there will be need for the service but the demand for the goods and services will be very less. The total quantity of goods produced will be very less as shown by Qm in the figure. This leads to loss of welfare in the society in the form of huge amount of dead-weight loss. The dead-weight loss is shown by the triangle ABC in the figure. On other hand the firm is also benefitted in several ways under this market structure. If they were operating with perfect power in hand they are ideally to produce less quantity. But under natural monopoly as the firm and the higher authority restricts the entry of other firms hence the firms are benefitted. In certain cases the firms are even provided with subsidy by the government as they are forced to provide their service at a lower cost. The people on other hand are benefitted as government intervention helps the price to be lower than they ideally should be. In natural monopoly if every decision is left on the monopolists hand there will be market failure. Hence, there is need to set up some price regulation in the market. In case of natural monopoly usually the government regulates the price by setting a restriction on the upper level that the monopolist may charge for the goods and service he produces. Needs for government regulation The situation when government tries to optimize the situation with respect to the societys perspective has also been shown in the above figure. Consumers always try to get goods and services at the minimum possible cost. In this situation, the consumers want the price to be as low as Ps. That is the consumer wants the price of goods and services at the point where the long run marginal cost intersects the demand curve. At this low price most of the consumer will have the affordability to pay for the services and hence the maximum demand will be generated in the economy. This may seem an ideal situation but the problem that lies in this situation is that the monopolist with their profit making motive will never want to produce at such a low price as it will reduce their profit to negligible point. At this situation the cost of production (LRAC) is greater than the revenue earned by selling the goods and services. The problem of allocative efficiency occurs from this juncture. Allocative efficiency implies the situation where there is a balance between the consumers demand and economys production. Under this situation the price that is average revenue should be equal to marginal cost. But in this scenario the natural monopolist denies to operate and henceforth, the government has to intervene and keep the price at an intermediate position. Hence, the ideal situation of the monopoly market should be something in between the monopolists choice and the consumers choice. This can only be ensured with the help of government intervention. The situation is described by the figure below: As already seen that monopolists price is very high i.e. Pm, whereas ideal price as demanded by society is very low at Ps. The government is responsible to its people for providing proper services and hence it intervenes in this market. It forces the monopolist to keep their price at the point where the total cost curve intersects the demand curve of the consumer. This point is better than the two extreme situations discussed earlier. At this point the monopolist is ready to continue their production as their cost is at least equal to the revenue. On other hand due to the comparatively low price required to pay for the service, many consumer can afford it and get benefitted. The loss of welfare has also been reduced to a great extent. In this case the dead-weight loss of the society is the part shown by triangle EFG. There are very few things that falls under the natural monopoly. In few countries the railway network forms natural monopoly whereas in some other country the industry catering for energy sources forms the monopoly. Recently the industry dealing with fiber optics has started operating in some markets and they enjoy the status of natural monopoly (Minamihashi, 2012). The reason behind considering railway network as natural monopoly is the high cost associated with it. In country like India and Australia the railway network is operated by the government of the respective countries (Nash, 2015). In India, the Ministry of Railways looks after the entire railway network and they are under the control of the Central government. In Australia, the federal government takes care of the entire railway network system through their corporation named as Australian Rail Track Corporation. The reason behind this scenario of mono-operated complex system is that there is huge direct and larger indirec t cost associated with the system. The direct costs are cost of constructing the railway track, assembling them, building the trains, establishing a well established network of communication system, maintenance cost and car sheds for the trains to rest during non-operating hours (Vikharev, 2013). The indirect cost associated with this system of transportation is that of clearing the way through which the tracks were laid, cost associated with relocation of people living in the area where the proposed railway track will pass through, etc. The Australian government in the year 2003 planned to invest around $872 million for building up an inter-state network (Miller, 2016). Now if any other company tries to enter the market they need to go through all these direct and indirect cost before entering into the market. The number of commuters cannot increase over night. As they remain same, hence if two firms operate separately in providing the service then the revenue that the first firm was earning will get distributed. As a result it may so happen that the revenue may get lesser than the cost of operation. Hence, it is better that some services should be provided by single provider only. Conclusion: This essay can be summed up by once again highlighting few points. Monopoly market leads to market failure and hence perfect competition is a utopian yet an ideal situation that can exist. But in certain situation natural monopoly is a preferred market as arrival of competitor leads to increase in the cost of production while decreasing the revenue. At certain times this situation can only be improved by havoc advancement in technology associated with the service. Railway is the common example of natural monopoly in many countries. The reason behind considering railway network as natural monopoly is the high operating cost associated with it. One single service providers can provide large scale of services efficiently with minimum cost of production compared to multiple firms. The essay has highlighted several costs and benefits of price regulation in natural monopoly market. It has been that a single firm can operate in a firm when that firm enjoys economies of scale over a long ran ge of quantity. Entry of more firms in the market can distort the production and allocation efficiency of the market resulting to market failure. Therefore, average cost pricing decision of government seems to be optimal solution from the point of view of society. Bibliography Geng, J. J., J.B., J. Q., Fan, Y. (2014). Geng, J.B., Ji A dynamic analysis on global natural gas trade network. Applied Energy. . Hawley, E. (2015). The New Deal and the problem of monopoly. Princeton University Press. Lavoie, M. (2013). Teaching Post Keynesian Economics, p.12. Lim, C., Yurukoglu, A. (2015). Dynamic natural monopoly regulation: Time inconsistency, moral hazard, and political environments. Makowski, L. (2014). Perfect Competition, the Profit Criterion, and the Organiza-tion of Economic Activity. Journal of Economic Theory. 105-125. Miller, A. (2016). Promoting Economically Efficient Use of, and Investment in, Infrastructure in Australia: The Role of the'Essential Facilities' Regime. Promoting Economically Efficient Use of, and Investment in, Infrastructure in Australia: The Role of. Minamihashi, N. (2012). Min Natural monopoly and distorted competition: evidence from unbundling fiber-optic networks. Nash, C. (2015). The evolving global railway industry. Thr Routledge Companion to Network Industries. 82. Nikaido, H. (2015). Monopolistic Competition and Effective Demand. Scitovsky, T. (2013). Welfare Competition. Simon, H. (2015). Prices and Decisions. In Confessions of the Pricing Man . Stigler, G., Mencken, H. (2016). PAM 3170 PAM 5170: Market Regulation and Public Policy. Spring. Stiglitz, J., Rosengard, J. (2015). Economics of the Public Sector: Fourth International Student Editin. Vikharev, S. (2013). Mathematical modeling of development and reconciling cooperation programs between natural monopoly and regional authorities. Weyl, E., Fabinger, M. (2013). Weyl, EPass-through as an economic tool: Principles of incidence under imperfect competition. Journal of Political Economy. Journal of Political economy , 528-583.

The winslow boy Essay Example

The winslow boy Paper It is about justice because all Ronnies father Arthur wants is justice and to save the family pride and name from looking bad. He doesnt want people thinking his family are thieves. Secondly it is about innocence, Arthur is trying so hard to prove that his son is innocent he really does believe Ronnie that he didnt steal the postal order and wont stop until the judge agrees he is innocent. The play begins in the drawing room of the Winslows house in court field gardens, south Kensington. It is a time just before the war 1914-1918 it is Sunday morning. In act 1 scene 1 the book is all about Ronnie when he first gets back from his school expelled. He has a letter from his school principal explaining why which he must give to his parents to read, but he doesnt. When he comes home from school he speaks to the maid he tells her that term has ended and then goes and hides in the garden from his parents with the letter so as they wont spot him. His parents get back from church and he is still stood in the garden it is now raining. Ronnie can see that his parents are having a conversation in the kitchen through the French windows in the garden. We will write a custom essay sample on The winslow boy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The winslow boy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The winslow boy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When he finally goes in he explains what has happened to his mother she believes he is innocent. You also find out in the first part of the book that they are a very well to do middle class family. Arthur, Ronnies father is a very proud and respectful man who likes people to think good of him and his family, hes a bit bossy and expects his wife grace to do what he pleases. Grace Winslow is Ronnies mother she is very faithful to her husband, she keeps the children educated and makes sure they are well behaved. She does what Arthur tells her. Catherine Winslow, Ronnies sister is a very independent and strong-minded girl who is in love with John and respects her family. Dickie is Ronnies older brother who likes to concentrate more on girls and music than studying for his degree, hes a very nice kind person. John Watherstone is in love with Catherine and his preparing to ask her father Arthur for her hand in marriage. Ronnie Winslow is the lead role in the play he is a clever young student of Osborne naval academy. His school has accused him of doing something very bad, but we do not know what yet, in the first scene. He however claims insistently he didnt do this to his mother and father after they read the letter that was sent home for them to read. His parents are not sure whether to believe him. Ronnies father Arthur says to Ronnie in the first scene Ronnie in this letter it says you stole a 5 shilling postal order. Now I dont want your to say a word until youve heard what Ive got to say. If you did it, you must tell me. I shant be angry with you, Ronnie-provided you tell me the truth. But if you tell me a lie, I shall know it, because a lie between you and me cant be hidden. I shall know it, Ronnie so remember that before you speak. Did you steal this postal order? No father I didnt replied Ronnie. Arthur now believes Ronnie that he is innocent and did not steal the postal order, he gets his solicitors then to take the matter up with the Lords Of Admiralty and demanded the fullest possible enquiry, but he was met with a blank refusal, and only finally got permission to view the evidence. His solicitors then decided that the evidence was unsatisfactory, and fully justified the re-opening of proceedings. They applied to the Admiralty for a court Martial. They were ignored. They applied for a civil trial and again they were ignored. But after tremendous pressure had been bought to bear-letters to the papers, questions in the house and other means open to private citizens of the country-the Admiralty eventually agreed to what they called an independent enquiry. However he was found guilty again thus branded for the second time a thief. Arthur does not give in he keeps fighting to clear Ronnies name. The court case has an impact upon the whole family especially Arthur who is now is really upset about the whole thing. The public attitude toward the case is that it is worthless, there are more important issues to be discussed than the case of a fourteen-year-old boy who had been accused of sealing a 5-shilling postal order, because looming in the background, was the growing inevitability of what would later be called The Great War, Much of the play centres on whether Arthur should carry on the fight to clear Ronnies name its is costing him a lot of money and he might not be able to continue. He tells Dickie that unfortunately he is going to have to stop going to oxford after the end of his second year Dickie understands but admits that it is a bit of a slap in the face. Much of the scene is building up to the visit by Sir Robert Morton, a very successful barrister, who is coming to interview Ronnie. He is a very expensive and well known for never having lost a case before in his career. Catherine doesnt like him and I cold towards him when he arrives at the house. The scene finishes with Sir Robert interrogating Ronnie he speaks with high authority. Robert asks question after question to which Ronnie has to justify himself. Ronnie gives long answers compared to Sir Robertss short questions. Sir Roberts talks as if he is in court using legal phrases Ronnie I would like the truth. That is the truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth. The audience doesnt know whether to feel sorry for Ronnie or not. Ronnie is feeling upset, frustrated and confused, if he did steal the postal order then he obviously deserves it but at this part of the book we are still unsure whether he did or not.

The Two Types of Titans in Greek Mythology

The Two Types of Titans in Greek Mythology Often counted among the gods and goddesses, there are two main groups of titans in Greek mythology. They come from different generations. The second generation is probably the one youre familiar with. They are depicted as humanoid, even if giant. The earlier ones are even bigger - as large as is visible to the naked eye - so its no wonder titanic signifies exceptional size. This page introduces both, provides mates, and spheres of influence. First Generation Titans of Greek Mythology The titans in the first generation are the aunts, uncles, and parents of Zeus and company - the well-known Olympian gods and goddesses). These titans are the 12 children of the primordial personifications of the earth (Gaia) and the sky (Uranus). (Now do you see why I said the titans were really big?) Female titans may sometimes be distinguished from their brothers as titanides. This isnt perfect, though, since there is a Greek ending on this term that should be reserved for the children of the titans rather than female version of the same. Here are the names and areas of first generation titans: Oceanus [Okeanos] - the ocean(father of nymphs)Coeus [Koios and Polos] - questioning(father of Leto Asteria)Crius [Krios, probably Megamedes the great lord [source: Theoi]](father of Pallas, Astraeus, and Perses)Hyperion - light(father of sun-god, moon, dawn)Iapetus [Iapetos](father of Prometheus, Atlas, and Epimetheus)Cronus [Kronos] (aka Saturn)Thea [Theia] - sight(Hyperions mate)Rhea [Rheia](Cronus and Rhea were the parents of the Olympian gods and goddesses)Themis - justice and order(Zeus second consort, mother of the Hours, Fates)Mnemosyne - memory(mated with Zeus to produce the Muses)Phoebe - oracle, intellect [source: Theoi(Coeus mate)Tethys(Oceans mate) The titans Cronus (#6 above) and Rhea (#8) are the parents of Zeus and the other Olympian gods and goddesses.​ Besides the Olympian gods and goddesses, the titans produced other offspring, mating with either other titans or other creatures. These offspring are also called titans, but theyre the titans of the second generation. Second Generation Titans of Greek Mythology Some of the children of the first generation titans are also referred to as titans. The major second generation titans are: AsteriaAstraea (Dike)AstraeusAtlasEos (Dawn)Eosphorus (or Hesperus)Epimetheus (see Pandoras Box)HeliusLetoMenoetiusPallasPersesPrometheusSelene As for most aspects of mythology, Carlos Parada has an excellent page on the titans. Also Known As: Ouranià ´nes, Ouranidai Examples Dione, Phorcys, Anytus, and Demeter are sometimes added to the list of 12 titans: Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, Cronus, Thea, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, and Tethys. Youll find titans in the following stories: The castration of Ouranos,The creation of man,The fight with the gods, known as the Titanomachy, but often mixed up with the story of the gods battle with the giants, andThe imprisonment of the titans in Tartarus.

How to get an Order of Protection

How to get an Order of Protection What do you do when you feel unsafe with someone in your family or household? Contacting law enforcement and getting an order of protection may be for you.   The Facts An order of protection (also called a restraining order) is an official legal document, signed by a judge, that is filed against a current or former family member or household member or other similar relationship. The order forces that individual to keep at a distance and is intended to prevent his or her abusive behavior toward you. Enforceable in court, it can be drafted to meet your specific needs as they apply to your situation. How It Works An order of protection can require the abuser to stay away from you and limit other forms of access; it can prevent the abuser from contacting you by phone, cell phone text messages, email, mail, fax, or third parties. It can force the abuser to move out of your home, give you exclusive use of your car, and award you temporary custody of your children along with child support, spousal support, and the continuation of insurance coverage. If the order of protection is violated by the abuser- if he or she visits you at home, in the workplace, or anywhere else or makes phone calls, sends emails, or attempts to contact you- the abuser can be arrested and placed in jail. How to Obtain One To get an order of protection, you have several options. You can contact the states or district attorney or inform the police that you wish to apply for an order of protection. You can also go to the county in which you or your abuser resides, and ask the court clerk for Order of Protection forms, which must be filled out. After the paperwork is filed, a hearing date will be set (typically within 14 days) and you will be required to appear in court on that day. The hearing may take place either in family court or criminal court. The judge will ask you to prove that you have experienced abuse or been threatened with violence. Witnesses, police reports, hospital and physician reports, and evidence of physical abuse or assault are often necessary to convince the judge to issue an order of protection. Physical evidence of abuse such as injuries caused by abuse or photos that show past injuries, property damage, or objects used in the assault will help make your case. How It Protects You The order of protection provides you an opportunity to define your safety needs. If children are involved, you can request custody and restrictions on visitation or no contact orders. Whenever the abuser violates the terms of the order of protection, you should call the police. Once you obtain one, it is imperative that you make multiple copies of the document. It is important that you carry a copy of your order protection at all times, particularly if you have children and there are custody and visitation limitations. Sources â€Å"Domestic Violence.†Ã‚  American Bar Association, www.americanbar.org/groups/public_education/resources/law_issues_for_consumers/protection_howget/.â€Å"Obtaining an Order of Protection.†Ã‚  FamilyEducation, 25 July 2006, www.familyeducation.com/life/divorce-law/obtaining-order-protection.

Pro-life and Prochoice campaigns and the ethical dilemmas within them Annotated Bibliography

Pro-life and Prochoice campaigns and the ethical dilemmas within them. - Annotated Bibliography Example For instance, most countries have been involved in many series of debates concerning the issue of abortion, euthanasia, corporate punishment, death punishment, and/or assisted suicide among many others. Lee claims that in more than one case, people end up failing to come to consensus, a situation that leads to lack of conclusive responses, which the whole issue a decision of an individual’s choice. The connotation â€Å"pro-life† that goes hand in hand with â€Å"pro-choice† are general episodes, which seeks to expound whether an individual is willing to carry out a certain agenda commonly, termed as an ethical dilemma. Since this expansion tends to involve the issue of ethics, it is very engulfing and poses serious challenges when it comes into making the final decision. This section talks about the Pro-Life spectrum, which is an issue that seeks to determine people’s thinking towards life especially when abortion is the subject. Under this spectrum, people engage themselves in a series of campaigns where they seek to publicize to everyone including the recently conceived human being has a right to equal live. As such, abortion should be condemned and termed as a crime of the highest order, as it is similar to committing murder (Lee 2).

Community Assessment and Care Planning in Medication Compliance Essay

Community Assessment and Care Planning in Medication Compliance - Essay Example The assessment of the adverse side-effects of psychiatric drugs shall also be discussed in this paper. These issues are discussed in the hope of coming up with improved quality of life and improved treatment and interventions for mentally ill patients. The assessment of mental health patient is seen from the initial admission or consultation of the patient. From the initial visit, which includes recording the agreement of the patient to Mental Health Care Service, history-taking, mental state examination, assessing associated risks and any co-morbidities, and the formulation of the diagnosis, there are various issues and concerns that may manifest (Thomas, 2006). Assessment is vital to patient diagnosis and treatment. Good assessment makes for good medical practice because it is the jumping off point to further investigations on patient symptoms and manifestations. It is also the basis for suitable and prompt action and referral. These decisions in patient care would not be properly made if not for good assessment. Assessment of the mental health patient is vital in the course of their illness because â€Å"people with mental illnesses are likely to have their physical health needs poorly managed and are less likely to have their blood pressure, cholesterol, urine†¦checked† (Colbeck, 2008). The assessment of the mental health patient is not wholly focused on the initial examination of the patient. The assessment of the adverse effects of psychiatric medications is also crucial in caring for mentally ill patients. The CNS Forum (2004) discusses various tools of assessing the neuroleptic effects of psychiatric drugs being used by different clinicians and mental health caregivers. These tools are briefly described forthwith. First, is the Simpson-Angus Scale which is used to assess extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS). It is based on the observations made by the mental health professional.

Cognitive Interventions Essay Example for Free

Cognitive Interventions Essay Introduction Cognitive behavior therapy includes many types of therapy and can be applied in a variety of circumstances. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is most commonly known for use on clients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, DBT is becoming more popular and often used when working with adolescents. Some adolescents participate in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Counselors find DBT is an effective therapy to help youth acquire the coping skills needed to stop NSSI. A review of DBT, and adolescents suffering with NSSI will better help one to understand why this technique is beneficial. NonSuicidal Self-Injury NSSI is defined as the direct and intentional destruction of ones own body tissue without an intent to die. Therefore, any form of self mutilation not intending to result in suicide qualifies as NSSI. The number of adolescents practicing NSSI is alarming. Youth practicing NSSI include both sexes and every racial and ethnic group. This alarming behavior is not secluded to any particular type of adolescent. NSSI often appears in the form of cutting with sharp objects, scratching, hitting, burning, and inserting objects under the skin. These behaviors typically develop between the ages of 12-14, indicating that adolescent years are particularly vulnerable to such practices. In addition to NSSI, these behaviors are often in conjunction with other self-harming behaviors like eating disorders, substance abuse, and depression. Puberty can be an extremely difficult time for many people and adolescents cannot reason and rationalize as adults can; therefore, youth often develop self-harming issues because they lack proper coping skills. Last, NSSI specifically refers to injuries not acquired while attempting suicide; however, 50-75% of those with a history of NSSI have also attempted suicide at least once. As one can see, NSSI is an alarming behavior that needs attention (Choate, 2012). Addressing the Issue NSSI is a prevalent and serious issue that must be properly handled. Counselors and people working with NSSI youth must have an understanding of the complexity of this matter and be familiar with treatment options. DBT is an excellent method to attempt to help adolescents overcome NSSI behavior. The effectiveness of DBT has been shown in at least seven controlled trials conducted by four independent research teams. DBT shows the most improvement, when compared to prior therapy options, to treat NSSI (Choate, 2012). DBT uses a comprehensive multimodal 16-week treatment approach for NSSI. The multimodal addresses skills for interpersonal effectiveness, self-regulation, and distress tolerance; provides structure to motivate, reinforce, individualize, and generalize these skills; and identifies and alters learned behavior patterns leading to NSSI. This therapy treatment includes individual therapy, family therapy, multifamily training groups, and telephone consultations for those involved in the process. Additionally, a support team for the counselors is a part of this process. Counseling NSSI adolescents is an extremely stressful position so it is important for counselors to have professional peers to share their thoughts. DBT therapy for NSSI adolescents can be practiced in many settings, including inpatient or outpatient treatment (Choate, 2012). Interventions and Techniques Individual Therapy A primary counselor is paired with the adolescent through the DBT process. The relationship between the primary counselor and the client is extremely important. The key goal for the counselor is to help the adolescent develop skills for coping with stressful thoughts, events, and emotions. An important aspect in the client therapist relationship is for the counselor to convey acceptance, validity, and trust. The primary counselor needs to remain calm and listen with interest yet without showing much emotion. A client must not see a counselor react to stories of self-harm in the way a parent or peer might react. The goal for the counselor is to show an understanding of the self-harming behavior while conveying acceptance and validating the adolescents thoughts and actions (Choate, 2012). The counselor shows acceptance; however, the goal is to create change. Although the counselor balances acceptance and change, the counselor continually challenges the client to alter any negative behavior hindering ones life quality. Ultimately the thought is that acceptance and validation will facilitate self-change while change will facilitate self-acceptance. If the adolescent is reluctant to change the harmful behavior, the counselor may spend more sessions building trust and showing validation before attempting change. Additionally, a client may find it difficult to trust the counselor is the client believes the counselor will report NSSI episodes to the adolescents parents. A balance must be created between client trust, parental rights, and confidentiality. With a proper balance allowing the youth comfort, yet abiding by regulations, an adolescent will be able to build the relationship required to develop change (Choate, 2012). Assessments should be conducted during the initial interviews with the client. These initial evaluations are either conducted informally with an interview or formally with a structured interview and self-report tool. The DBT model allows the counselor to integrate assessment results into four DBT target treatment areas. Specific behaviors and areas are written into a treatment plan with goals for the client (Choate, 2012). Target areas: A) Decreasing life-threatening behaviors B) Decreasing behaviors that interfere with therapy C) Decreasing behaviors that interfere with life quality D) Increasing behavioral skills (Choate, 2012). As the treatment begins, the goal is to help the client determine the events, thoughts, or feelings one has prior to the NSSI occurrence. If one can determine factors contributing to the negative behavior, one can start to alter circumstances leading to NSSI and ultimately change the behavior. Clients are asked to maintain diary cards documenting behaviors and actions surrounding NSSI behavior. The diary cards address problem behaviors, immediate prior events leading to problem behavior, vulnerability factors, entire chains of events prior to problem behavior, and consequences from the behavior. Upon review of the cards the counselor can help the client identify triggers of NSSI behavior and find alternative life choices or thoughts to cope better with given situations (Choate, 2012). Multifamily Skills Training Groups The individual session emphasizes focus on assessment, client trust, and identifying the problem. Along with identifying problems, individual therapy does encourage behavior change. However, multifamily group therapy focuses on skill sets needed to facilitate change. To implement behavior changes and develop coping skills, the adolescents must be aware of thoughts, feelings, and actions; tolerate the pain and stress associated with unpleasant life events, regulate emotions better, and become effective at communicating emotions. The DBT approach focuses on building four essential skills: A) Mindfulness B) Distress tolerance C) Emotion regulation D) Interpersonal effectiveness Additionally, a fifth skill was added: Walking the middle path (Choate, 2012). Skill Sets Skill Set One: Core Mindfulness Mindfulness is acknowledging ones emotions, thoughts, and physical experiences without trying to end them, numb them, or avoid them. Learning to observe, describe, and experience emotions without judgment and while in control of ones attention is the core of mindfulness. As adolescents become more aware of emotions in the present, they develop a better understanding of their own emotions and reactions (Choate, 2012). DBT uses a model with three states of mind to teach mindfulness. The three mind-states are reasonable mind, emotion mind, and wise mind. Reasonable mind is controlled primarily by logic. Emotion mind is regulated significantly by emotions. Wise mind synthesizes all the ways of knowing to develop knowing through intuition, using deep inner wisdom. Often time groups sessions will use acting or charades to have participants learn to understand these types of mindfulness (Choate, 2012). Group members are taught to observe their thoughts by awareness. The clients are encouraged not to multitask but rather to focus on one task at a time. The exercise of focusing on one task at a time is referred to as one-mindfulness. Focusing on one aspect at a time allows the client to recognize and understand the emotions related to the specific task. Skill Set Two: Emotion Regulation Emotion regulation helps group members learn to recognize, observe, and describe emotions. Additionally, this skill set teaches one to regulate intense and painful emotions, regulate vulnerability to negative emotions, and increase positive emotions. The clients begin to realize they have control over their emotions and behaviors. When one learns to alter responses to emotions it is both empowering and liberating (Choate, 2012). Ways of teaching emotion recognition often include listening to music or watching a movie. The goal is to have the client react to something, recognize, and observe ones own emotion. As clients recognize emotions they are asked to discuss the responses both mentally and physically connected with the emotional reactions. Group members are taught to respond to ones own emotions with self-compassion and acceptance. Often one may believe an emotional response is wrong, silly, or unjustified. Once one understands that every emotion is justified one can accept the emotion and find a healthy response to that emotion (Choate, 2012). Another aspect of emotion regulation includes reducing vulnerability by maintaining better physical health. Eating well, sleeping sufficiently, exercising regularly, and avoiding substance abuse will help one regulate emotions by maintaining physical health. Ones physical health can weaken ones mind-state, and the person will be more vulnerable to NSSI and other self-harming episodes (Choate, 2012). Skill Set Three: Interpersonal Effectiveness The goal of interpersonal effectiveness is for one to maintain personal values and beliefs while improving relationships. An example of teachings in this module is that group members are often asked to remember the acronym DEAR MAN to help remember the key components of this skill set. The components: Describe, Express, Assert, Reinforce, stay Mindful, Appear confident, and Negotiate. The best method for learning this skill set is role play. Often the facilitator will pair up group members and role play a variety of situations using DEAR MAN (Choate, 2012). Skill Set Four: Distress Tolerance Stress tolerance relates to ones ability to effectively accept emotional pain, in any given situation, that cannot be changed at the time. Once one can tolerate and accept unpleasant situations, one can more effectively cope. Further skills would help the client to self-soothe and distract from emotionally painful situations (Choate, 2012). Distress tolerance skills have two categories. The first category is skills for accepting reality, and the second is skills for crisis survival. Skills for accepting reality teach clients how to accept everyday life even when it is unpleasant. Deep-breathing is a common practice for this skill. Skills for crisis survival follows more of a distraction method. The goal may be for the client to find an alternative task, practice self-soothing, or take a break. Whatever the activity change is, the goal is to distract one from the crisis and prevent self-harming behavior (Choate, 2012). Skill Set Five: Walking the Middle Path This particular skill set works with the adolescent and family members to help those involved alter polarized thinking and live a more balanced lifestyle. The first step is to encourage participants to abandon black and white thinking and recognize the gray area. People often need to realize that any given situation can be viewed in multiple ways, and often everyone would benefit from viewing incidents through multiple perspectives (Choate, 2012). Common issues between adolescents and parents include strict or lenient parenting; thinking lightly of serious matters, or judging harshly common adolescent behavior; and pushing away, or holding too tightly. Adolescents and parents are asked to determine where they believe themselves and others to be regarding these topics, and try to come to an agreement regarding how to alter behavior and meet in the gray area (Choate, 2012). Communication and listening are key factors involved in developing this skill set. Positive reinforcement is taught to be used whenever possible as parents often think to punish negative behavior rather than reward the positive actions. Reconciling family differences can be a key component when attempting to help an adolescent stop NSSI behavior (Choate, 2012). Effectiveness of DBT for NSSI The treatment for NSSI that has the most positive support is DBT. DBT is the high standard of therapy for reducing suicide and self-destructive behavior among clients with BPD. The effectiveness of DBT has been shown in many trial studies. Not as many studies have been conducted regarding DBT and NSSI with adolescents; however, a DBT model has been created for adolescents and shows very promising results. DBT is the highest regarded method for at risk youth. Certainly, much can always be learned regarding human nature and therapy, and not all people will respond to the same treatment; therefore, this method is certainly not effective every time, but it does seem very beneficial (Choate, 2012). Summary Nonsuicidal Self-injury is a serious issue. As one can see, action needs to be taken to save youth from such harmful behavior patterns. Cognitive behavior therapy, specifically dialectical behavior therapy, has many excellent interventions and strategies to help adolescents facing NSSI (Choate, 2012). DBT uses individual therapy, group therapy, and family therapy to help adolescents with NSSI. Individual sessions focus on trust with the counselor, and identifying and acknowledging negative emotions, and behavior patterns. Additionally, the primary therapist will help the client find healthy ways to change behavior patterns and cope with life stressors (Choate, 2012). Group therapy focuses on building the skills needed to accomplish the desired changes. The five core skills sets include: core mindfulness, emotional regulation, interpersonal effectiveness, distress tolerance, and walking the middle path. Many methods are used to teach and practice these techniques (Choate, 2012). Studies continue to determine the effectiveness of DBT with adolescents involved in NSSI. However, DBT is the standard therapy for adults facing similar issues with BPD. Additionally, DBT seems very promising as an effective method for treating NSSI adolescents. References Choate, L. H. (2012, January). Counseling adolescents who engage in nonsuicidal self-injury: A dialectical behavior therapy approach.. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 34(1), 56-71. EBSCOhost.

Affirmative Action :: essays research papers

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION A NECESSARY POLICY TO PREVENT DISCRIMINATION AND INEQUITIES OR A DISCRIMINATIVE AND INEQUITABLE POLCY INTRODUCTION Historically, there have been arguments about what Affirmative Action (AA) really is. The basis of the argument for the most part, debates the goal(s) of AA. Is the goal of AA to erase past inequities for the disabled, minorities and/or women without protest? Or is Affirmative Action a culture or spirit that rewards diversity and differences? Basically there are two definitions or schools of thought for AA. The first school of thought is that AA is an umbrella term for laws and policies that the United States Executive, Judicial, and legislative bodies have mandated. Specifically, AA is a series of social policies and statutes that regulate activities and laws with the primary intent to achieve equity and increase opportunity for all. The second school of though is that AA is an umbrella term defining a broader set of activities whereby public and private institutions voluntarily incorporate practices and polices to increase diversity, opportunity and equity. Under this school of thought, AA is in spirit and an institutional policy. The intent of this paper is to address the serious and profound arguments of both schools of thought. In addition, this paper will address issues relative to determining whether or not AA is necessary instrument for the demise of discrimination and the formation of justice and whether or not AA needs to be maintained, modified or terminated. I. Affirmative Action Background A. A Brief History of AA in the United States of American Contrary to popular belief, the concept of AA actually began prior to the executive order signed by President John F. Kennedy in 1961. The concept of AA began upon the signing of Amendment XIII of the Constitution. 1. The Late 19the and Early 20th Century America began to deal with the inequities and lack of justice for mean of African decent in the 1800s. In my opinion, the initial and most significant policy or law relative to AA was Amendment XIII to the Constitution. The 13th Amendment states, â€Å"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction† (US Constitution, Amendment 13, Section 1). Further cited, â€Å"Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation†, (US Constitution, Amendment 13, Section 2). While the intent of the 13th amendment was to abolish slavery and begin the long process of just and equal rights for all American citizens.

History vs. Hollywood Essay

Glory: Hollywood vs. History Glory is a movie about the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, one of the first official all black units in the United States during the Civil War. It’s an inspirational story of how a young Union soldier, Robert Gould Shaw, is offered the chance to lead an army unit that will change not only his life, but the lives of many other Americans. Glory does a great Job of capturing many of the feelings towards the black soldiers during the Civil War. The film is based off of the writings of Robert Gould Shaw, from letters he sent to his friends and family members. Most of the events in the movie re depicted very closely to how they actually happened. Director Edward Zwick tried to keep the movie as historically accurate as possible but, as many history movies do, Glory left out some important details. Shaws parents were both well-known abolitionist, and in Glory, so is he. Truthfully, Shaw didn’t share his parents’ passion for freeing the slaves. Shaw spent most of his youth studying and traveling in Europe. Eventually he attended Harvard, but ended up dropping out. Not long after leaving Harvard, the war began and Shaw found his purpose. He immediately Joined the army and headed to the fght. After nearly 3 years, Shaw reached the rank of Captain. This is when he received the opportunity to lead the 54th. In the film, Shaw is asked by Massachusetts Governor John A. Andrew to lead the 54th while at a dinner party, and after little hesitation, he gladly accepts. In reality, Shaw wasn’t Andrews first choice for the position, nor was Shaw ever at said dinner party. Shaw was actually approached by his father at a Union camp. At first Shaw declined, then after a few days of thought and pressure from his mother, he reluctantly accepted. In the movie, Shaw is promoted to Colonel immediately after accepting the position, but military ecords show he was a major for several months until the regiment grew in numbers. In Glory, Shaw asks his best friend, Cabot Forbes, to be his Major. In reality, Forbes doesn’t actually exist, or never did. The writers of Glory combined two of the recipients of Shaws letters’ names together and created the character of Cabot Forbes. In fact, of the main characters in Glory, Shaw is the only one who was a real person. Silas Trip, John Rawlins, and the rest of Glorys stars are all composite characters. On that note, the movie gives the idea that most of the members of the 4th were runaway slaves, while nearly all of the members were actually free blacks from the North. Frederick Douglass makes in appearance in the movie, but his two sons, who were actually members of the 54th, do not. Going back to Shaws feelings about the 54th, Shaw was, at first, dubious. After working with the men and realizing that they could fght Just as well as white soldiers, he grew to respect them. Shaw became eager to get his men into action, so he could prove what they were capable of. Shaw later learns that the black soldiers were to be paid less than the white ones. In the movie, Shaw announces this to the regiment, and Private Silas Trip, a former slave who escaped his masters, begins protesting and gets all of the men to tear up their paychecks and boycott. Shaw then says â€Å"If you men will take no pay, then none of us will. â€Å", and tears up his check as well. In reality, Shaw was the one who led the boycott, refusing all wages until the problem was fixed. In the movie, Shaw spends a lot ot time tgnting to get unitorms and shoes tor his soldiers. The unitorms eventually arrive, but the shoes do not. Shaw has to go to one of his superiors and argue for the shoes. There is a moment where the colored men escort Shaw to the door and stand watch in a comical way. This scene shows that Shaw has truly developed a bond with his men, but is really for the audience’s pleasure. Nothing is written of this dispute, though there is no doubt was an actual problem. Shaw married Annie Kneeland Haggerty, Just days before the 54th is sent to the South for service, which is never mentioned in the film. There is another scene in the movie that is clearly for the audience, but it does have some truth behind it. When the 54th is marching south, they run into a regiment of white soldiers, and a quarrel breaks ut between Private Trip and some of the white men. Rawlins steps in to stop the fght and one of the white men is about to be disciplined, but Rawlins says that there is no need. This scene is displays the harsh criticism the 5th received, even from their own side, but it also gives a halo effect to Rawlins, who could have easily said nothing, and watched the soldier get punished. Later on down the road the 54th meets up with Colonel James Montgomery, the colonel of another all black regiment. In the movie Montgomery was a racist and didn’t discipline his men at all. While the eal Montgomery was noted to have discipline issues, the movie probably took it way out of hand, Montgomery even shoots one of his men for misbehaving. Montgomery later takes the 54th â€Å"to see some action†, which actually meant looting and setting fire to a town of innocents. In the movie, Montgomery threatens Shaw to set fire to the town by saying he’ll take command of the 54th if he doesn’t follow orders, so Shaw reluctantly orders the town to be burned. Shaw writes of this event in his letters, stating â€Å"the civilian population of women and children were fired upon, forced from their homes, their possessions looted, and the town burned. Shaw also noted, â€Å"On the way up, Montgomery threw several shells among the plantation buildings, in what seemed to me a very brutal way; for he didn’t know how many women and children there might be. † Shaw even states he was ordered to set fire to the town but he refused. There is no mention of Montgomery threatening him, but he stated â€Å"The reasons he gave me for destroying Darien were, that the Southerners must be made to feel that this was a real war, and that they were to be swept away by the hand of God, like the Jews of old. In theory it may seem all right to some, but when it comes to eing made the instrument of the Lord’s vengeance, I myself don’t like it. Then he says, â€Å"We are outlawed, and therefore not bound by the rules of regular warfare†; but that makes it nonetheless revolting to wreak our vengeance on the innocent and defenseless. Soon after the ordeal with Montgomery, the 54th gets some real action, their first battle. They defeat the attacking rebels, suffering minor casualties. Only two days after the skirmish, the 54th was chosen to lead an assault on Fort Wagner. In the movie, Shaw heroically volunteers, even though he knows that leading this ssault will cause great casualties to his regiment. Before the battle Shaw says â€Å"If this man should fall, who will lift the flag and carry on? â€Å", and Thomas says he’ll do it. However, this wasn’t actually how it happened. General George Crockett Strong was the one who asked the question, and Shaw was the one who replied. During the assault in the movie, the water is to the left of the men, but really the 54th attacked with the water on their right. In the movie, the original flag bearer is killed, as you would expect, and Shaw gets it He then stand up and snouts † Forward Fi and is shot in the chest multiple times. According to the survivors, these were Shaws actual last words, and he hollered them shortly before being shot through the heart. After all of the carnage there is a scene where the Confederate soldiers drag Shaws body into a mass grave full of men from the 54th. This actually happens, though there is a little more to it. Confederate General Johnson Hagood told the Union he would not return Shaws body because he was leading colored men. This was intended to be an insult, but the Shaws didn’t take it that way. Shaws father even said â€Å"We would not have his body removed from where it lies surrounded by his rave and devoted soldiers†¦. We can imagine no holier place than that in which he lies, among his brave and devoted followers, nor wish for him better company – what a body-guard he has! † Overall, Glory is a very good historical film. The writers didn’t change too many facts or change the character of the actual people too much. Even though most of the main characters are fictional, the story was still almost completely factual. Glory has a great cast and a good plot. The story of the 54th Massachusetts is interesting and inspirational, and Glory is a must-watch movie for all ages.

Writing and David Foster Wallace

Writing assignment: Write a well-organized, 2-3 paragraph response to Wallach's speech. Your response should be typed, double-spaced, and in a reasonable-sized font. This required writing will not be marked with a letter-grade. However, you will receive written comments in response to your paper, and this paper will prepare you for your first formal essay assignment. Questions to consider as you write your response: 1 . What are some of your favorite ideas from the speech, and why are these Ideas compelling to you? For Wallace, what Is Important about a college education? 3. What do you think about Wallach's Ideas regarding education? 4. For you, what Is Important about a college education? You do not need to answer each of these questions In order. Rather, synthesize your ideas into a well-organized response that captures your views about Wallach's speech, and your views about education. For next class, please come prepared to discuss a few quotes from the Wallace essay that you fou nd particularly compelling.More importantly, please be prepared to discuss why these quotes were compelling to you. As this is your first writing assignment, and as this is the first day of class, you're probably wondering what I want to see in your writing. While each of your writing assignments will require different approaches, generally speaking I want to see the following: Passion/Excellent/Engagement with topic: Do you really try to make 1) discoveries? Do you really explore your Ideas and experiences, and the Ideas presented by the writers to whom you are responding?In other words, do you take your position as writer and thinker seriously? Do you make this essay your own? Do you care about what you are saying? Do you want your readers to care about what you are saying? 2) Organization: Does you have an introduction that sets up a blueprint for what the rest of the essay will look like? Does your essay have a conclusion? Do you organize your topics and ideas into neat paragrap hs and units? 3) Style: Is your essay written in an appropriate, academic tone? Do you project authority? Logic and Support: Do your ideas make sense, and are they presented in a logical order? Are your claims supported by relevant details? 5) Clear writing, grammar, and mechanics: Is your essay free from serious sentence- level errors. 6) Creativity: Does your essay surprise? Do you use colorful language, Images, and examples? Do you go In unexpected and Interesting directions? Do you reveal yourself In this essay and do you truly try to write about ideas that are important to you? Class with some questions about the syllabus.

Battle of Lake George in the French and Indian War

Battle of Lake George in the French and Indian War The Battle of Lake George took place September 8, 1755, during the French Indian War (1754-1763). One of the first major engagements in the northern theater of the conflict, the fighting was the result of British efforts to capture Fort St. Frà ©dà ©ric on Lake Champlain. Moving to block the enemy, the French initially ambushed the British column near Lake George. When the British withdrew back to their fortified camp, the French followed. Subsequent assaults on the British failed and the French were ultimately driven from the field with the loss of their commander Jean Erdman, Baron Dieskau. The victory help the British secure the Hudson River Valley and provided a needed boost for American morale after the disaster at the Battle of the Monongahela that July. To aid in holding the area, the British commenced building Fort William Henry. Background With the outbreak of the French Indian War, the governors of the British colonies in North America convened in April 1755, to discuss strategies for defeating the French. Meeting in Virginia, they decided to launch three campaigns that year against the enemy. In the north, the British effort would be led by Sir William Johnson who was ordered to move north through Lakes George and Champlain. Departing Fort Lyman (re-named Fort Edward in 1756) with 1,500 men and 200 Mohawks in August 1755, Johnson moved north and reached Lac Saint Sacrement on the 28th. Renaming the lake after King George II, Johnson pushed on with the goal of capturing Fort St. Frà ©dà ©ric. Located on Crown Point, the fort controlled part of Lake Champlain. To the north, the French commander, Jean Erdman, Baron Dieskau, learned of Johnsons intention and assembled a force of 2,800 men and 700 allied Native Americans. Moving south to Carillon (Ticonderoga), Dieskau made camp and planned an attack on Johnsons supply lines and Fort Lyman. Leaving half of his men at Carillon as a blocking force, Dieskau moved down Lake Champlain to South Bay and marched to within four miles of Fort Lyman. Change of Plans Scouting the fort on September 7, Dieskau found it heavily defended and elected not to attack. As a result, he began moving back towards South Bay. Fourteen miles to the north, Johnson received word from his scouts that the French were operating in his rear. Halting his advance, Johnson began fortifying his camp and dispatched 800 Massachusetts and New Hampshire militia, under Colonel Ephraim Williams, and 200 Mohawks, under King Hendrick, south to reinforce Fort Lyman. Departing at 9:00 a.m. on September 8, they moved down the Lake George-Fort Lyman Road. Battle of Lake George Conflict: French and Indian War (1754-1763)Dates: September 8, 1755Armies Commanders:BritishSir William Johnson1,500 men, 200 Mohawk IndiansFrenchJean Erdman, Baron Dieskau1,500 menCasualties:British: 331 (disputed)French: 339 (disputed) Setting an Ambush While moving his men back towards South Bay, Dieskau was alerted to Williams movement. Seeing an opportunity, he reversed his march and set an ambush along the road about three miles south of Lake George. Placing his grenadiers across the road, he aligned his militia and Indians in cover along the sides of the road. Unaware of the danger, Williams men marched directly into the French trap. In an action later referred to as the Bloody Morning Scout, the French caught the British by surprise and inflicted heavy casualties. Among those killed were King Hendrick and Williams who was shot in the head. With Williams dead, Colonel Nathan Whiting assumed command. Trapped in a crossfire, the majority of the British began fleeing back towards Johnsons camp. Their retreat was covered by around 100 men led by Whiting and Lieutenant Colonel Seth Pomeroy. Fighting a determined rearguard action, Whiting was able to inflict substantial casualties on their pursuers, including killing the leader of the French Native Americans, Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre. Pleased with his victory, Dieskau followed the fleeing British back to their camp. Sir William Johnson. Public Domain The Grenadiers Attack Arriving, he found Johnsons command fortified behind a barrier of trees, wagons, and boats. Immediately ordering an attack, he found that his Native Americans refused to go forward. Shaken by the loss of Saint-Pierre, they did not wish to assault a fortified position. In an effort to shame his allies into attacking, Dieskau formed his 222 grenadiers into an attack column and personally led them forward around noon. Charging into heavy musket fire and grape shot from Johnsons three cannon, Dieskaus attack bogged down. In the fighting, Johnson was shot in the leg and command devolved to Colonel Phineas Lyman. By late afternoon, the French broke off the attack after Dieskau was badly wounded. Storming over the barricade, the British drove the French from the field, capturing the wounded French commander. To the south, Colonel Joseph Blanchard, commanding Fort Lyman, saw the smoke from the battle and dispatched 120 men under Captain Nathaniel Folsom to investigate. Moving north, they encountered the French baggage train approximately two miles south of Lake George. Taking a position in the trees, they were able to ambush around 300 French soldiers near Bloody Pond and succeeded in driving them from the area. After recovering his wounded and taking several prisoners, Folsom returned to Fort Lyman. A second force was sent out the next day to recover the French baggage train. Lacking supplies and with their leader gone, the French retreated north. Aftermath Precise casualties for the Battle of Lake George are not known. Sources indicate that the British suffered between 262 and 331 killed, wounded, and missing, while the French incurred between 228 and 600. The victory at the Battle of Lake George marked one the first victories for American provincial troops over the French and their allies. In addition, though fighting around Lake Champlain would continue to rage, the battle effectively secured the Hudson Valley for the British. To better secure the area, Johnson ordered the construction of Fort William Henry near Lake George.

How to Make Connections with College Professors

How to Make Connections with College Professors By all means, form as many bonds and make as many friends as possible while in school, but don’t neglect the connections you form with college professors. Those can come through in tight spots professionally, and professors are typically well-connected amazing people. Let’s talk about 5 solid ways to get close without stepping over any bounds. 1. Impress the Connections out of Them There’s so many faces like yours coming and going; so many papers to grade, cups of coffee to drink and meetings to attend. You’re going to have to stick out without being a jackass. If you’re trying to get either the professor or other students to laugh during class, you’re probably not impressing anyone. Here’s a couple tips: Details: Pay attention to the little things because your professors will be. The quickest way to impress is to NOT do all the things they expect students to do. Be THAT person who takes the time to understand protocol, be prompt and pay attention to details! Now, don’t make light of this practice, just realize that it IS noticed and appreciated. Study Up: Has the professor written a book? Many books? Do they have a blog? If you take the time to get to know them as a person, you can see what motivates them. This way you can add nuances to everything you do that will catch their interest. Barely anyone does this, so it can work like a charm. Show interest in them. 2. Be Available Willing to Serve It’s not about what your professor can do for you, but what you can do for your professor. Don’t sit in the back of class, but don’t attempt to be a teacher’s pet either. Make it obvious what you’re doing, which is no different than your professor did. Making connections in college is par for the course (forgive the pun). Consistent: Don’t pester, but be consistent. Let them know you’re standing at the ready to be of service in any way possible. The Word: Don’t treat only one of your professors this way, but all those whom you think could become a mutually beneficial connection. Options: If they’ve already got their assistants covered and don’t need your help in the office, is there something you could do for them in their private lives? Cut the lawn? Landscaping? Perhaps just a some quality conversation on interesting class-related topics? 3. Set Up Communication Early On Don’t wait, quickly stop by their office to personally introduce yourself. Don’t be bubbly and overflowing with youthful angst, just relax and act as professionally informal as possible. Now, try not to mention grades, period. Instead, focus on these three things. Your Goals: Your goals are what you intend to learn from the professor. Don’t dehumanize them by only referring to â€Å"class.† Their Goals: Let them know you appreciate their position and knowledge without kissing their backside. Make it clear that it is your intention because you would like to impress them and get to know them better. There’s absolutely nothing wrong with this, and they know it. Keep it Short: No long-winded conversations for your first couple visits. Keep it short and stay well behind the informal boundary. A couple minutes is all it takes to make a great impression. 4. Don’t Ask to Be Called On Your professors should know you’ve got your act together. You study, you take the course seriously, you intend to get to know them better and you’re a star player. But, never make this obvious in class and NEVER try to upstage the professor in front of students. Wait: Don’t be a jabber jaw and or a Mr. Know it all. Why speak in class if you’re not called on? What’s the point? Are you really going to argue with someone and de-rail the professor’s plan for class? Defer: Instead of hogging the class conch, say what you need to say to make a good point and then pass it along. Do what you can to let other people keep the lime light. Listen: Keep your ears open and listen to the issues, concerns and problems that other students are having. This information can come in handy. If the professor sees you making their job easier, they’ll notice you for it. 5. Be Human Ask for Help If you’re having a hard time, or going through a crisis, don’t complain in class or complain to other students in the class. Instead, bring your very human issues to your equally human professor. Oftentimes they will bend over backwards to help students that need and ask for it without being a pain. Hope this helps. Remember, your professors are like windows into professional worlds. Don’t neglect them and do what you can to form mutually beneficial connections. So, what have you done to get closer to your professors? What’s working or not working for you?

Earned Value & Forecasting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Earned Value & Forecasting - Essay Example The budgeted cost of work performed at end of period 8 comes out to be $868,000. The same is shown in Table 1. Cost Variance (CV) can be calculated as the difference between budgeted cost and actual cost of work performed which is equal to $(868,000-1,005,000) i.e. - $137,000. A negative cost variance here implies that the project is over-budget by the end of period 8. The Cost Performance Index (CPI) is given by the ratio of budgeted cost of work performed to the actual cost of work performed i.e. (868,000/1,005,000) which is equal to .86. As the Cost Performance Index is less than 1, it again implies that the project is over-budget. Schedule Variance (SV) can be found out as the difference between budgeted cost of work performed and the budgeted cost of work scheduled till the end of period 8 which is equal to $(868,000-955,000) i.e. - $87000. A negative schedule variance here implies that the project is behind schedule by the end of period 8. The Schedule Performance Index (SPI) i s given by the ratio of budgeted cost of work performed to the budgeted cost of work scheduled i.e. (868,000/955,000) which is equal to .91. As the Schedule Performance Index is less than 1, it gain implies that the project is behind schedule. ... 500000 1.3.2 60000 80 48000 1.4.1 120000 0 0 1.4.2 40000 50 0 1.4.3 75000 100 75000 1.5.2 15000 20 0 1.5.3 30000 0 0 1.6.1 45000 20 0 1.6.2 60000 50 0 1.6.3 30000 0 0 1.6.4 25000 0 0 Total 124500 (BAC) 868000 (BCWP/EV) The planned percentage of work completed can be calculated by dividing the planned work completed (in terms of number of periods) by the total work (in terms of number of periods). The total work periods can be calculated by adding the planned durations of each activity. This comes out as 26 periods. The planned work periods can be calculated by multiplying the planned percent of work completed for each activity by its planned duration. This is equal to 15. Hence, the planned percent of work completed is equal to 15/26 i.e. 57.7%. Similarly, the actual percent of work completed is computed as the ratio of actual work completed (in terms of number of periods) to the total work (in terms of number of periods). The actual work periods are calculated as 15.2 in the same fa shion as for planned work periods. The actual percent of work completed, therefore, comes out as 15.2/26 i.e. 58.46%. The percent cost completed is simply defined as the ratio of actual cost incurred till end of period 8 to the total planned cost of the project i.e. (1,005,000/1,245,000) which comes out as 80.72% Table 2: Calculating percent task completion Task Duration Actual Percentage of work completed at end of period 8 Actual work completed (in periods) at end of period 8 Planned percentage of work completed at end of period 8 Planned work completed (in periods) at end of period 8 1.2.1 3 100 3 100 3 1.2.2 1 100 1 100 1 1.2.3 2 100 2 100 2 1.3.1 3 100 3 100 3 1.3.2 2 80 1.6 100 2 1.4.1 3 0 0 66.66666667 2 1.4.2 1 50 0.5 0 0 1.4.3 3 100 3 66.66666667 2 1.5.2 1 20 0.2 0 0 1.5.3 2 0 0 0

Nursing - Pain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing - Pain Management - Essay Example Cyclooxygenases Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase (commonly known as Cyclooxygenases) was purified in 1976 and cloned in 1988. This enzyme is the key catalytic protein in the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid, resulting in pain and inflammation, and is subject to inhibition by non ­steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). In 1991, several laboratories identified a second gene product with COX activity, now termed COX-2. It is clear now that both isoforms, COX-l and COX-2 are expressed in both peripheral tissues and several areas of the CNS (Prochazkova et al., 2006). Theories of Pain Gatchel, Polatin, and Kinney (1995) state that there are two prominent theories of pain: the traditional specificity theory of pain and the gate control theory of pain. The former, still widely taught, proposes that pain is a specific sensation and that the intensity of pain is proportional to the extent of tissue damage. This theory implies a fixed, straight-through transmission system from somatic pain receptors to a pain center in the brain (p.416). In 1965, Melzack and Wall proposed the gate control theory. This theory suggests that there are physiological and neural mechanisms in the body that can have an effect on the perception of the painful stimulus (Hawthorn & Redmond 2001). The theory postulates that there are two controls that affect the gate. ... This gating mechanism depends on the relative quantity of information being received over the larger fibers versus the smaller fibers. In essence, the two peripheral impulses interfere with each other to alter pain perception. The gate control theory has received the most recognition in the field of pain research (Gatchel, Polatin, and Kinney 416). Anatomy & Physiology The complexities associated with the experience of pain are immense. Hall (1994) addresses those that deal with the physiological aspects by observing that medical science has not fully explained pain mechanisms. The specialization of receptors has been discovered. This refers to receptors being more sensitive to one stimulus than others. Hall (1994) continues with the identification of the receptor that is "incriminated" in the reception of pain, the unmyelinated or thinly myelinated nerve ending, an "unencapsulated" nerve ending. Hall describes the myelin sheath covering that encloses nerve fibers. The thickness of t his sheath varies throughout the body, from none in the periphery, to very thick where nerves enter bones, and other parts of the body. The covering acts as insulation to keep stimuli from entering the nerve from regions other than those served by the nerve (p. 11). Hall (1994) goes on to describe the receptor as a "primitive unorganized nerve ending and often has a weed-like appearance. It has many branches and overlaps with other receptors to totally cover the area which it serves" (p. 11). The area that a particular nerve serves is called a dermatome, which may serve an area of skin, a muscle, or any organ of the body. Hall states, "It is important to realize that the strength of stimulus is a critical factor in the production of pain in this and other

The Importance of Slavery in the Development of Early America Research Paper

The Importance of Slavery in the Development of Early America - Research Paper Example They started to transport slaves from Africa to America during the sixteenth century. In the subsequent years, slavery became an economic, political and social factor in the development of early America, which resulted in the American Civil War or the American Revolution. This paper analyses the importance of slavery in the political and social development of early America and its contribution to the civil war. South America and North America were entirely different as far as the prominence of slavery was concerned. Negro slavery was absent in the North, whereas it occurred in many forms in the Southern parts of America in the last few centuries. â€Å"There has been one school of thought which regards presence of Negro slavery in the south and its absence in the north as the essence of sectional controversy† (Potter 30). From the onset, slavery had been the most serious cause of sectional conflict (Potter 52). In other words, the views and attitudes of the people in the south ern and northern parts of America were different. People in the North were more liberal in their nature, attitudes and beliefs, whereas people in the South were more conservative in their thoughts. It should be noted that European countries such as Britain were in control of Southren America in the eighteenth century. Britain had colonies in most parts of the world during this period. Africa was in control of Britain during this period, which made the slave transportation from Africa to America an easier task. Howe pointed out that â€Å"almost 14 million Negros were held in hereditary slavery during this period in America† (Howe 52). Slavery in the eighteenth century has created many social changes in America. Exports of slaves from Africa to America happened frequently during this period. Even though an independent American state was established in the eighteenth century, the process of exportation of slaves from Africa to America has not stopped. Americans were not in a mo od to give the luxury they enjoyed due to slavery. To sustain slavery as much as possible, they prevented black people from getting education, income and opportunities for employment. Even though human right issues were discussed very seriously in America during this period, nobody took slavery as a serious human right violation issue until the 1780s. In fact, the black community was not much interested in avoiding slavery in the eighteenth century. They were particular about improving their economic conditions rather than avoiding slavery or acquiring equal status with whites. Poverty was the biggest problem faced by the negros during this period. â€Å"For Negros, economic circumstances were more important than legal status (Slavery) in shaping their conditions of life† (Potter 31). It should not be forgotten that the negros were deprived of opportunities for education and, as a result of that, they were unaware of the things like human rights. For them, acquiring enough fo od at any cost was the major objective of their life. Even though dominant white people did everything possible to sustain slavery in America, they failed to prevent black people from becoming aware of freedom and liberty. For example, black people were used extensively for maritime employment by the white people in the eighteenth century. It was impossible for white people to execute maritime works without slaves. Maritime works were often done without much supervision from the

Feminine Identity and the Corset: A History

Feminine Identity and the Corset: A History Concepts of feminine identity have changed drastically throughout history. Ancient sculpture reveals that beauty was considered to be a woman who was greatly obese, perhaps because of its connotations of a woman well-fed in a world where that was a difficult achievement. The ancient Greeks valued a more muscular figure in their artwork of the feminine ideal, yet these figures still retained a soft roundness. In modern times, the feminine ideal has shifted to something closer to the skeletal. As this transition occurred, fashion has played a significant role in shaping the female identity. The durability and versatility of the corset as a defining garment is almost as astonishing as its continuing appeal. Even after it lost its widespread popularity, the continued use of the corset in Hollywood depictions of the feminine preserved its use, established its historic connotations and illustrated how it symbolized something larger than itself. Contemporary fashion has given the corset a n ew lease on life as women continue to turn to this garment as a means of identification within the modern world. Although the corset has traditionally been viewed as a symbol of female submission, any intrinsic meaning is subject to wide interpretation. What the immediate meaning usually comes from is available imagery, past or present, the suggestive pictures that have pervaded public consciousness and are loaded with shared associations (Hollander, 1995: 26). The tight-lacing of the 17th and 18th centuries indicate the degree to which the corset was considered a means of female sexual expression and define ideas of female beauty. Understanding how the corset has been used in Hollywood, revitalized in cult fashions and re-introduced in high fashion illustrates how it can operate to convey female submission and aggressive sexuality depending upon the internal and external factors at play in its design and use within modern fashion. Hollywoods Creation Hollywood and the big name movie producers have employed the corset in any number of ways from the beginning of the industry. The corset was already used in everyday dress when Hollywood emerged and it was already a strategic garment in Vaudeville and Broadway. Even then, women craved the fashions they saw on stage depending upon the persona of the actress and the intentions of the wearer. Broadway and Vaudeville star Anna Held is the first great example of the corset as a defining garment of the female character. Most of her fame was not attributed to her singing voice, but rather to her rolling eyes, eighteen inch waist and naughty songs (Kenrick, 2004). As is shown in Figure 1, Held continued the practice of tight-lacing in order to portray an enticing, sexually appealing woman with a tiny waist and accented upper features. Through these types of costumes in combination with her activities, Held demonstrated a life of independence and success while remaining sexy and appealing to the opposite sex. Author Eve Golden was quoted saying Held was everything that was glamorous about Broadway, everything that was naughty about Paris (Van Degans, 2006). Mae West achieved similar associations in notoriety and accomplishments. As early as age 14, West was being hailed as The Baby Vamp (Mae West Biography, 2004). Like Held, she became famous because of her quick wit and brazen sexuality. In 1926, Mae wrote, produced and directed the Broadway show Sex, which led her to be arrested for obscenity (Mae West, 2004). She was so controversial that new censorship codes were put in place in 1934 specifically to address her writing, but this didnt keep her from filling her lines with outrageous innuendo and double entendres. Her first film role was supporting George Raft in Night After Night (1932), in which Raft said she stole everything but the cameras. The first film to star West, She Done Him Wrong (1933), the film version of Diamond Lil, broke box-office records and saved Paramount from selling out to MGM (Mae West, 2004). Although West continued to emphasize the hourglass figure, she rejected the wasp-waist and tight-lacing of Held. Instea d, as is shown in Figure 2, West presented a narrow yet proportionately-sized waist. Women wishing to appear independent and sexual began including the corset to heighten and claim their sexuality. Although many stars who appeared in corsets as a part of their outer costume, such as Mae West and Anna Held, retained doubtful reputations as wild, free and sexual women, the corset was also used by good girls. In the 1950 film Two Weeks with Love, Jane Powell, the girl-next-door, deepened her image with the part of Patti Robinson, a 17-year-old vying for the love of a charming Latin man. A main point in the plot refers to the vital role of the corset as a means of defining a woman, something no real femme fatale of the time would be without (Two Weeks with Love, 1950). This good girls struggles to acquire a corset helped to blur the boundaries between the appealingly feminine good girl and the aggressively sexual bad girl. Throughout Hollywoods progression, women were often seen using corsets as a means of obtaining the ideal female figure despite changing fashions. Thus, Hollywood allowed the garment to shape and redefine the figures of thousands of American women through the gene rations. Examples include the hourglass figures of Debbie Reynolds in How the West Was Won and Marilyn Monroe in River of No Return, the cinch waist shown in The Glass Slipper on Leslie Caron and the straight-line figure of Betty Grable. Each of these images gives women something they can identify with that would encourage their use of the corset to express some aspect of their sexuality. Debbie Reynolds is sweetly sassy with the traditional hourglass figure. Marilyn Monroe disrobes for the camera to casually reveal her stunning shape. Leslie Carons super slim waist is emphasized by the attention of the actors while Betty Grables curves are made more alluring by the control maintained in the World War II poster. In each case, the use of the corset emphasizes rather than negates the sexual appeal of the women and provides her with an aura of power. Throughout these depictions and regardless of the finished shape, the corset was essential to full expression of true femininity. Without it, the female was somehow less than a woman as she lacked any sexual identity. The corsets continued use as a symbol of female empowerment in Hollywood ensured its continued use in society. Corsets Return in Cult Fashion Modern fashions use of the corset began with the Gothic fashions of the late 20th century although it can be found in other styles as well. Fashion designers working within smaller cult groups incorporated it as a feature element of everyday outerwear. Again, it is typically used to heighten a womans sex appeal, but the forms of interpretation can vary widely based upon the vision of the designer and the intention of the wearer. One such designer is Vivienne Westwood, who worked in the rock and roll movement of the 1960s and 1970s in Britain. Her fashions reflect the sexual freedom of female expression found in the womens movements of the time. She felt the repression and conservatism of Britain were in opposition to the freedom and liberation being expressed in America. She rebelled against these attitudes in the aggressive, outspoken nature of the clothing she designed. Westwood discovered that there was a dramatic potential in the clothes themselves that could be heightened: laden with associations, biker gear links sexuality, violence and death, in a twentieth century archetype (Savage, 2001: 21). She built on these ideas by adding metal studs, chicken bones, chains, zippers and other things to her designs. This made her the mother of the punk rock fashions (Savage, 2001: 21). Many of these designs included the corset as a fetish object, made in leather, vinyl or other materials (see Figure 7) to denote a dominatrix-type image. This gave the garment connotations of power and control. The jewel-like elements on the corset featured in Figure 7 also provides a strong element of decadence and wealth. Westwood then took the corset in a new direction as she defined the romantic pirate movement and the savages movement of asymmetrical skirts and ripped layers. Her corsets took on softer fabrics, but did not reduce the sense of power and control associated with the earlier designs. The sensuous images used in the Aphrodite and Adonis corset epitomizes the type of soft, yet blatant, sexuality the corset has come to represent. Westwoods reworking of the corset for outerwear has become one of her most recognizable trademarks. Romantic and historically accurate, the corsets are also surprisingly practical. Stretch fabrics allow ease of movement, and removable sleeves convert a daytime garment to evening wear. Once a symbol of constraint, corsets are now an expression of female sexuality and empowerment (Vivienne Westwood, 2004). Westwoods brilliance is in finding a means of melding the blatant sexuality of the corset-as-outer-garment crowd with the soft femininity of the corset-as-undergarment crowd. Madonnas now legendary conical bra, created by Jean Paul Gaultier and worn throughout her Blonde Ambition tour nearly ten years later, would never have happened if it hadnt been for Westwood playing with the concept of underwear as outerwear some time before him (Frankel, 2001: 52). Westwood recognized the attraction to this style was the inherent empowerment afforded the wearer. There is always a sense of dange r just under the surface of her designs, as is somewhat apparent in the example pictured in Figure 9. The Corset in High Fashion From its appearance in cult fashions, the corset has also been accepted back into high society as a symbol of status and taste. The corset had many positive connotations of social status, self-discipline, artistry, respectability, beauty, youth and erotic allure (Steele, 2001: 1). These concepts have been re-introduced to the corset as fashion designers increasingly recognize its appeal as an undergarment to women seeking psychological empowerment as well as an outer garment to highlight and reclaim sexual expression. Even when the full corset is not used, many designs mimic the hourglass shape in the cut of a jacket, the lacing on the back of a shirt or the boning of an evening gown. The corset captured the dichotomy between artifice and restraint and reflected the highly ornamental status given to the female body (Keenan, 2001: 171). However, the primary purpose of these elements continues to focus on providing the wearer with a sense of sexual power. Following Vivienne Westwood, haute couture designer Jean Paul Gaultier realized the corsets connotations of feminine power. The corset My first trademark piece. At the beginning of the 20th century, women considered corsets anti-freedom, but when I put them on the runway in the early 1980s, it was to express the power of femininity. It was supposed to be hidden, but making it apparent made people rediscover it. I love the fact that a woman or man wearing one feels strong and powerful (Davis et al, 2006: 43). His corset dress designs are based on the idea of the corset with many designs incorporating boning, support and tabs, but his favorite feature seems to be the lacing which adds a touch of the romantic and the sexual as is highlighted in Figures 10 and 11. Whether through the Paris runway or the cult sectors, the corset has entered mainstream fashion thanks to the creativity of designers, the versatility of new fabrics and techniques and the desire of women to construct an identity in keeping with the pressures of the modern era. Designers such as Stella McCartney have modified the corset dress to make it extremely wearable. The dress pictured in Figure 12 could be worn to an evening event as easily as an afternoon lunch. Designers have begun using elements of the corset in ever-more casual designs. In addition to the feminizing aspects of the fabrics and patterns selected for these pieces of clothing, the slimming features of the corset combined with its breast enhancing abilities are at the heart of this popularity. Psychologically, the popularity of the corset can be explained by its strong connotation. The corset, still being a historical garment, probably gives the wearer the feeling of timelessness and freedom felt when wearing fancy dress. It lets her adopt a role, a character, maybe a powerful seductress, which is not allowed during daily life (All Tied Up, 2006). By wearing a corset-inspired top, a modern-day woman gains the ability of expressing her femininity, exploring her sexuality, imbuing herself with a feeling of confidence and power and showing off her figure in its best light. Conclusion The Corset-Defined Identity Throughout its long history, the corset has been a significant player in the shaping of female clothing and female identity. Whether used by outrageous female actresses pushing the bounds of female sexual expression such as Mae West or Anna Held or incorporated into films by directors to illustrate a specific point, the corset remained a significant symbol of female identity throughout most of Hollywoods history from the vamp to the alluring ideal feminine. Moving into the 21st century, the corset has not phased out of production or usage. With designers such as Vivienne Westwood redefining both the function and the message of the corset, as well as revolutionizing the fabrics, materials and comfort level of these garments, the corset has seen a comeback into modern clothing. By bringing the corset into the open, Westwood also brought the subject of female sexuality more into the open, encouraging discussion and display. Her powerful designs and innovative fabrics served to highligh t the concept that the feminine could be powerful as well as shapely even while comfort remained a concern. The corset was then morphed into other styles of clothing for a variety of purposes. This effectively brought the idea of the feminine into a new context still defined by the shape of the corset, the feminine had suddenly been shaped into something defined by the individual woman and could reflect everything from guileless submission to the needs of the male to powerful aggression and control on the part of the female. The corset bears an everlasting sexual attraction: it glorifies, underlines, exacerbates and idealizes the female form. It has evolved aesthetically and symbolically: from underwear to outerwear (in late nineteenth century ball gowns), from corsets to bustiers, from constriction to power, from lingerie to armor (All Tied Up, 2006). I think you see why the shaping of the waist is important regarding sexuality. You state that W.Westwood was solely responsible for the comeback of corsets in the 80s. you could argue that it has always been there. Doirs new look (the nipped in waist) a corset in a more relaxed form. Not only female wears corset. Men do. Currently and in the past. Could talk about the waist coat acting like a corset for men or look up dandies Corsets Return in Cult Fashion and The Corset in High Fashion chapters can be cut down a lot if you look at the trickle down theory by simmel.