Nursing - Pain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing - Pain Management - Essay Example Cyclooxygenases Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase (commonly known as Cyclooxygenases) was purified in 1976 and cloned in 1988. This enzyme is the key catalytic protein in the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid, resulting in pain and inflammation, and is subject to inhibition by non ­steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). In 1991, several laboratories identified a second gene product with COX activity, now termed COX-2. It is clear now that both isoforms, COX-l and COX-2 are expressed in both peripheral tissues and several areas of the CNS (Prochazkova et al., 2006). Theories of Pain Gatchel, Polatin, and Kinney (1995) state that there are two prominent theories of pain: the traditional specificity theory of pain and the gate control theory of pain. The former, still widely taught, proposes that pain is a specific sensation and that the intensity of pain is proportional to the extent of tissue damage. This theory implies a fixed, straight-through transmission system from somatic pain receptors to a pain center in the brain (p.416). In 1965, Melzack and Wall proposed the gate control theory. This theory suggests that there are physiological and neural mechanisms in the body that can have an effect on the perception of the painful stimulus (Hawthorn & Redmond 2001). The theory postulates that there are two controls that affect the gate. ... This gating mechanism depends on the relative quantity of information being received over the larger fibers versus the smaller fibers. In essence, the two peripheral impulses interfere with each other to alter pain perception. The gate control theory has received the most recognition in the field of pain research (Gatchel, Polatin, and Kinney 416). Anatomy & Physiology The complexities associated with the experience of pain are immense. Hall (1994) addresses those that deal with the physiological aspects by observing that medical science has not fully explained pain mechanisms. The specialization of receptors has been discovered. This refers to receptors being more sensitive to one stimulus than others. Hall (1994) continues with the identification of the receptor that is "incriminated" in the reception of pain, the unmyelinated or thinly myelinated nerve ending, an "unencapsulated" nerve ending. Hall describes the myelin sheath covering that encloses nerve fibers. The thickness of t his sheath varies throughout the body, from none in the periphery, to very thick where nerves enter bones, and other parts of the body. The covering acts as insulation to keep stimuli from entering the nerve from regions other than those served by the nerve (p. 11). Hall (1994) goes on to describe the receptor as a "primitive unorganized nerve ending and often has a weed-like appearance. It has many branches and overlaps with other receptors to totally cover the area which it serves" (p. 11). The area that a particular nerve serves is called a dermatome, which may serve an area of skin, a muscle, or any organ of the body. Hall states, "It is important to realize that the strength of stimulus is a critical factor in the production of pain in this and other

The Importance of Slavery in the Development of Early America Research Paper

The Importance of Slavery in the Development of Early America - Research Paper Example They started to transport slaves from Africa to America during the sixteenth century. In the subsequent years, slavery became an economic, political and social factor in the development of early America, which resulted in the American Civil War or the American Revolution. This paper analyses the importance of slavery in the political and social development of early America and its contribution to the civil war. South America and North America were entirely different as far as the prominence of slavery was concerned. Negro slavery was absent in the North, whereas it occurred in many forms in the Southern parts of America in the last few centuries. â€Å"There has been one school of thought which regards presence of Negro slavery in the south and its absence in the north as the essence of sectional controversy† (Potter 30). From the onset, slavery had been the most serious cause of sectional conflict (Potter 52). In other words, the views and attitudes of the people in the south ern and northern parts of America were different. People in the North were more liberal in their nature, attitudes and beliefs, whereas people in the South were more conservative in their thoughts. It should be noted that European countries such as Britain were in control of Southren America in the eighteenth century. Britain had colonies in most parts of the world during this period. Africa was in control of Britain during this period, which made the slave transportation from Africa to America an easier task. Howe pointed out that â€Å"almost 14 million Negros were held in hereditary slavery during this period in America† (Howe 52). Slavery in the eighteenth century has created many social changes in America. Exports of slaves from Africa to America happened frequently during this period. Even though an independent American state was established in the eighteenth century, the process of exportation of slaves from Africa to America has not stopped. Americans were not in a mo od to give the luxury they enjoyed due to slavery. To sustain slavery as much as possible, they prevented black people from getting education, income and opportunities for employment. Even though human right issues were discussed very seriously in America during this period, nobody took slavery as a serious human right violation issue until the 1780s. In fact, the black community was not much interested in avoiding slavery in the eighteenth century. They were particular about improving their economic conditions rather than avoiding slavery or acquiring equal status with whites. Poverty was the biggest problem faced by the negros during this period. â€Å"For Negros, economic circumstances were more important than legal status (Slavery) in shaping their conditions of life† (Potter 31). It should not be forgotten that the negros were deprived of opportunities for education and, as a result of that, they were unaware of the things like human rights. For them, acquiring enough fo od at any cost was the major objective of their life. Even though dominant white people did everything possible to sustain slavery in America, they failed to prevent black people from becoming aware of freedom and liberty. For example, black people were used extensively for maritime employment by the white people in the eighteenth century. It was impossible for white people to execute maritime works without slaves. Maritime works were often done without much supervision from the

Feminine Identity and the Corset: A History

Feminine Identity and the Corset: A History Concepts of feminine identity have changed drastically throughout history. Ancient sculpture reveals that beauty was considered to be a woman who was greatly obese, perhaps because of its connotations of a woman well-fed in a world where that was a difficult achievement. The ancient Greeks valued a more muscular figure in their artwork of the feminine ideal, yet these figures still retained a soft roundness. In modern times, the feminine ideal has shifted to something closer to the skeletal. As this transition occurred, fashion has played a significant role in shaping the female identity. The durability and versatility of the corset as a defining garment is almost as astonishing as its continuing appeal. Even after it lost its widespread popularity, the continued use of the corset in Hollywood depictions of the feminine preserved its use, established its historic connotations and illustrated how it symbolized something larger than itself. Contemporary fashion has given the corset a n ew lease on life as women continue to turn to this garment as a means of identification within the modern world. Although the corset has traditionally been viewed as a symbol of female submission, any intrinsic meaning is subject to wide interpretation. What the immediate meaning usually comes from is available imagery, past or present, the suggestive pictures that have pervaded public consciousness and are loaded with shared associations (Hollander, 1995: 26). The tight-lacing of the 17th and 18th centuries indicate the degree to which the corset was considered a means of female sexual expression and define ideas of female beauty. Understanding how the corset has been used in Hollywood, revitalized in cult fashions and re-introduced in high fashion illustrates how it can operate to convey female submission and aggressive sexuality depending upon the internal and external factors at play in its design and use within modern fashion. Hollywoods Creation Hollywood and the big name movie producers have employed the corset in any number of ways from the beginning of the industry. The corset was already used in everyday dress when Hollywood emerged and it was already a strategic garment in Vaudeville and Broadway. Even then, women craved the fashions they saw on stage depending upon the persona of the actress and the intentions of the wearer. Broadway and Vaudeville star Anna Held is the first great example of the corset as a defining garment of the female character. Most of her fame was not attributed to her singing voice, but rather to her rolling eyes, eighteen inch waist and naughty songs (Kenrick, 2004). As is shown in Figure 1, Held continued the practice of tight-lacing in order to portray an enticing, sexually appealing woman with a tiny waist and accented upper features. Through these types of costumes in combination with her activities, Held demonstrated a life of independence and success while remaining sexy and appealing to the opposite sex. Author Eve Golden was quoted saying Held was everything that was glamorous about Broadway, everything that was naughty about Paris (Van Degans, 2006). Mae West achieved similar associations in notoriety and accomplishments. As early as age 14, West was being hailed as The Baby Vamp (Mae West Biography, 2004). Like Held, she became famous because of her quick wit and brazen sexuality. In 1926, Mae wrote, produced and directed the Broadway show Sex, which led her to be arrested for obscenity (Mae West, 2004). She was so controversial that new censorship codes were put in place in 1934 specifically to address her writing, but this didnt keep her from filling her lines with outrageous innuendo and double entendres. Her first film role was supporting George Raft in Night After Night (1932), in which Raft said she stole everything but the cameras. The first film to star West, She Done Him Wrong (1933), the film version of Diamond Lil, broke box-office records and saved Paramount from selling out to MGM (Mae West, 2004). Although West continued to emphasize the hourglass figure, she rejected the wasp-waist and tight-lacing of Held. Instea d, as is shown in Figure 2, West presented a narrow yet proportionately-sized waist. Women wishing to appear independent and sexual began including the corset to heighten and claim their sexuality. Although many stars who appeared in corsets as a part of their outer costume, such as Mae West and Anna Held, retained doubtful reputations as wild, free and sexual women, the corset was also used by good girls. In the 1950 film Two Weeks with Love, Jane Powell, the girl-next-door, deepened her image with the part of Patti Robinson, a 17-year-old vying for the love of a charming Latin man. A main point in the plot refers to the vital role of the corset as a means of defining a woman, something no real femme fatale of the time would be without (Two Weeks with Love, 1950). This good girls struggles to acquire a corset helped to blur the boundaries between the appealingly feminine good girl and the aggressively sexual bad girl. Throughout Hollywoods progression, women were often seen using corsets as a means of obtaining the ideal female figure despite changing fashions. Thus, Hollywood allowed the garment to shape and redefine the figures of thousands of American women through the gene rations. Examples include the hourglass figures of Debbie Reynolds in How the West Was Won and Marilyn Monroe in River of No Return, the cinch waist shown in The Glass Slipper on Leslie Caron and the straight-line figure of Betty Grable. Each of these images gives women something they can identify with that would encourage their use of the corset to express some aspect of their sexuality. Debbie Reynolds is sweetly sassy with the traditional hourglass figure. Marilyn Monroe disrobes for the camera to casually reveal her stunning shape. Leslie Carons super slim waist is emphasized by the attention of the actors while Betty Grables curves are made more alluring by the control maintained in the World War II poster. In each case, the use of the corset emphasizes rather than negates the sexual appeal of the women and provides her with an aura of power. Throughout these depictions and regardless of the finished shape, the corset was essential to full expression of true femininity. Without it, the female was somehow less than a woman as she lacked any sexual identity. The corsets continued use as a symbol of female empowerment in Hollywood ensured its continued use in society. Corsets Return in Cult Fashion Modern fashions use of the corset began with the Gothic fashions of the late 20th century although it can be found in other styles as well. Fashion designers working within smaller cult groups incorporated it as a feature element of everyday outerwear. Again, it is typically used to heighten a womans sex appeal, but the forms of interpretation can vary widely based upon the vision of the designer and the intention of the wearer. One such designer is Vivienne Westwood, who worked in the rock and roll movement of the 1960s and 1970s in Britain. Her fashions reflect the sexual freedom of female expression found in the womens movements of the time. She felt the repression and conservatism of Britain were in opposition to the freedom and liberation being expressed in America. She rebelled against these attitudes in the aggressive, outspoken nature of the clothing she designed. Westwood discovered that there was a dramatic potential in the clothes themselves that could be heightened: laden with associations, biker gear links sexuality, violence and death, in a twentieth century archetype (Savage, 2001: 21). She built on these ideas by adding metal studs, chicken bones, chains, zippers and other things to her designs. This made her the mother of the punk rock fashions (Savage, 2001: 21). Many of these designs included the corset as a fetish object, made in leather, vinyl or other materials (see Figure 7) to denote a dominatrix-type image. This gave the garment connotations of power and control. The jewel-like elements on the corset featured in Figure 7 also provides a strong element of decadence and wealth. Westwood then took the corset in a new direction as she defined the romantic pirate movement and the savages movement of asymmetrical skirts and ripped layers. Her corsets took on softer fabrics, but did not reduce the sense of power and control associated with the earlier designs. The sensuous images used in the Aphrodite and Adonis corset epitomizes the type of soft, yet blatant, sexuality the corset has come to represent. Westwoods reworking of the corset for outerwear has become one of her most recognizable trademarks. Romantic and historically accurate, the corsets are also surprisingly practical. Stretch fabrics allow ease of movement, and removable sleeves convert a daytime garment to evening wear. Once a symbol of constraint, corsets are now an expression of female sexuality and empowerment (Vivienne Westwood, 2004). Westwoods brilliance is in finding a means of melding the blatant sexuality of the corset-as-outer-garment crowd with the soft femininity of the corset-as-undergarment crowd. Madonnas now legendary conical bra, created by Jean Paul Gaultier and worn throughout her Blonde Ambition tour nearly ten years later, would never have happened if it hadnt been for Westwood playing with the concept of underwear as outerwear some time before him (Frankel, 2001: 52). Westwood recognized the attraction to this style was the inherent empowerment afforded the wearer. There is always a sense of dange r just under the surface of her designs, as is somewhat apparent in the example pictured in Figure 9. The Corset in High Fashion From its appearance in cult fashions, the corset has also been accepted back into high society as a symbol of status and taste. The corset had many positive connotations of social status, self-discipline, artistry, respectability, beauty, youth and erotic allure (Steele, 2001: 1). These concepts have been re-introduced to the corset as fashion designers increasingly recognize its appeal as an undergarment to women seeking psychological empowerment as well as an outer garment to highlight and reclaim sexual expression. Even when the full corset is not used, many designs mimic the hourglass shape in the cut of a jacket, the lacing on the back of a shirt or the boning of an evening gown. The corset captured the dichotomy between artifice and restraint and reflected the highly ornamental status given to the female body (Keenan, 2001: 171). However, the primary purpose of these elements continues to focus on providing the wearer with a sense of sexual power. Following Vivienne Westwood, haute couture designer Jean Paul Gaultier realized the corsets connotations of feminine power. The corset My first trademark piece. At the beginning of the 20th century, women considered corsets anti-freedom, but when I put them on the runway in the early 1980s, it was to express the power of femininity. It was supposed to be hidden, but making it apparent made people rediscover it. I love the fact that a woman or man wearing one feels strong and powerful (Davis et al, 2006: 43). His corset dress designs are based on the idea of the corset with many designs incorporating boning, support and tabs, but his favorite feature seems to be the lacing which adds a touch of the romantic and the sexual as is highlighted in Figures 10 and 11. Whether through the Paris runway or the cult sectors, the corset has entered mainstream fashion thanks to the creativity of designers, the versatility of new fabrics and techniques and the desire of women to construct an identity in keeping with the pressures of the modern era. Designers such as Stella McCartney have modified the corset dress to make it extremely wearable. The dress pictured in Figure 12 could be worn to an evening event as easily as an afternoon lunch. Designers have begun using elements of the corset in ever-more casual designs. In addition to the feminizing aspects of the fabrics and patterns selected for these pieces of clothing, the slimming features of the corset combined with its breast enhancing abilities are at the heart of this popularity. Psychologically, the popularity of the corset can be explained by its strong connotation. The corset, still being a historical garment, probably gives the wearer the feeling of timelessness and freedom felt when wearing fancy dress. It lets her adopt a role, a character, maybe a powerful seductress, which is not allowed during daily life (All Tied Up, 2006). By wearing a corset-inspired top, a modern-day woman gains the ability of expressing her femininity, exploring her sexuality, imbuing herself with a feeling of confidence and power and showing off her figure in its best light. Conclusion The Corset-Defined Identity Throughout its long history, the corset has been a significant player in the shaping of female clothing and female identity. Whether used by outrageous female actresses pushing the bounds of female sexual expression such as Mae West or Anna Held or incorporated into films by directors to illustrate a specific point, the corset remained a significant symbol of female identity throughout most of Hollywoods history from the vamp to the alluring ideal feminine. Moving into the 21st century, the corset has not phased out of production or usage. With designers such as Vivienne Westwood redefining both the function and the message of the corset, as well as revolutionizing the fabrics, materials and comfort level of these garments, the corset has seen a comeback into modern clothing. By bringing the corset into the open, Westwood also brought the subject of female sexuality more into the open, encouraging discussion and display. Her powerful designs and innovative fabrics served to highligh t the concept that the feminine could be powerful as well as shapely even while comfort remained a concern. The corset was then morphed into other styles of clothing for a variety of purposes. This effectively brought the idea of the feminine into a new context still defined by the shape of the corset, the feminine had suddenly been shaped into something defined by the individual woman and could reflect everything from guileless submission to the needs of the male to powerful aggression and control on the part of the female. The corset bears an everlasting sexual attraction: it glorifies, underlines, exacerbates and idealizes the female form. It has evolved aesthetically and symbolically: from underwear to outerwear (in late nineteenth century ball gowns), from corsets to bustiers, from constriction to power, from lingerie to armor (All Tied Up, 2006). I think you see why the shaping of the waist is important regarding sexuality. You state that W.Westwood was solely responsible for the comeback of corsets in the 80s. you could argue that it has always been there. Doirs new look (the nipped in waist) a corset in a more relaxed form. Not only female wears corset. Men do. Currently and in the past. Could talk about the waist coat acting like a corset for men or look up dandies Corsets Return in Cult Fashion and The Corset in High Fashion chapters can be cut down a lot if you look at the trickle down theory by simmel.

Educational Article Reviews :: Article Review

Smart Classroom Professional Development Framework consists of three levels of ICT qualifications that teachers can hold, they are the ICT Certificate, the Digital Pedagogy Licence and the Digital Pedagogy Licence Advanced. As a group we discussed what understandings we would need and the benefits for completing the framework, we discovered that we would need to understand that ICT could be used to enhance and benefit both the learners and teachers through integration into all KLA’S. As a pre service teacher undertaking the certificate our group discussion impacts on my classroom teaching by pushing for me to use more technology in my teaching to enhance the children’s learning. Reading 2 was on a Science-Sose unit about dinosaurs and discovering where they went. During a group discussion we all agreed that the teacher that wrote this unit was meticulous in planning and had thought hard as to the length to which she wanted technologies involved. We all found this to be a good example of a technological unit. I learnt from the group discussion as well as the reading that there is a range of different ways technology can be incorporated into a classroom unit of work. This new knowledge of more hands on activities is something that I would like to incorporate into my future classroom or practical classroom this semester. Reading 3 covers practical ideas for teachers in years 4-9. The group all agreed that theses activities were creative and fun and ideas that we would and could include into our future senior school classrooms. There is twenty eight activities included in this reading all that could be taught anywhere from grades 4-9 and some that could be taught past this to grade 12. Some of these helpful lesson ideas will be integrated into my future classrooms. The final reading for week one was practical ideas for teachers p-3, this text contained twenty eight technological activities. When discussing we all came to the same view as that of reading three that the activities were educational, fun and easily incorporated into our junior school classrooms. This article proves that learning can be fun by incorporating technology into general lessons, it also gives ideas on just how to do this. By using this reading’s examples of lessons it will make ICT apart of most if not all of my lessons. WEEK 2 Those who Understand: Knowledge Growth in Teaching Is an article about the way teaching used to be prior to and up to the year 1986.

My Role Model Essay

Everyone has there own role model, but my is a bit more special. My role model is my dad bell. He is the best dad ever. All though my dad had life struggles as he came to Canada when he was 8 years old. He is very amazing and just the best. My dad has shown great strength by keeping my entire family together in rough and hard times. My father does not have one hand but still works as a taxi driver and makes a living for my mother and I . My father has always put others needs before he has put his. He always made sure everyone is happy and satisfied before he was. Read more: Essay on parents My dad has always had a smile and picked me up even though I know he would be hurt he would still make sure I am fine. I would love to be just like my dad. Be as emotionally strong as he is and make sure everyone is fine at the same time. Keep everyone happy and put family before your self. No matter what obstacle my dad goes through he gets a strategy to get through it and I would love to learn that from my dad . Just like my dad says â€Å" If you keep others happy around you , you will be happy your self automatic . â€Å" I Love my dad , and my dad is my role model

Issues of Group in Iium

[pic] English for Academic Writting LE 4000 Dr. Faridah Abdul Malik Section 50 A Study on IIUM Students on the Issues of Group Workings Saiful Bahri ABSTRACT Under organizational behavior comes group behavior, how individual behave when working in group. This paper examines the posible errors that can be found in tasks done in group. The result showed that some of the errors are done on purpose due to laziness of IIUM students. Although, these students are aware of what causes the problems and what they should avoid to have a free-problem group work but they still manage to do them, either intentionally or unintentionally. Therefore, in reminding them, some ground rules and peer assessment should be adapted in each group. Keywords: free-rider, teamwork, miscommunication, and time management. INTRODUCTION Organizational behavior is the study of individuals and the behaviors they have within an organization and in a workplace setting. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes sociology, psychology, communication and management (Organizational Behavior Introduction, Catherwood Library). Group behavior is a part of the organizational behavior in which it falls under the interdiciplinary field of sociolagy, how individual work in small r large groups. Group behaviour differs from  mass actions  which refers to people behaving similarly on a more global scale while group behaviour refers usually to people in one place and having a coordinated behaviors. The members in a group should each be interdependence (depends on other member’s output as well), have social interaction (there should eithe r be verbal or non-verbal communication), have a perception of a group ( agreeing that they are a part of a group) and mush have common in purpose (to achieve the same goal). Working in groups have their advantages, one of them being, having a collective set of ideas. Having many people working on the same work allows the work to get not only your input but also from others in the group. This increases the quality, reliability and validity of the work. Although, problems may arise as well, as individuals have their own behaviors and may not be compatible with other people, and that then will effect the quality of your group work’s output. The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the possible errors that can be found in tasks done in groups. In details, the objectives that i want to reach is: 1. to understand how miscommunications can happen in a group among the IIUM students, . to determine whether IIUM students work together when given a group assignment, 3. to understand how time becomes a big constraint when working in groups among the IIUM students. Some terms that may be found in this paper are free-riders, teamwork, miscommunication, and time management. †¢ Free-rider A person that is in a group but not doing any work but still get rewards and benefits from the work done. †¢ Teamwork The collective work that members in a group put in to accomplish the assignment (task/job) that is given to their group. Each one of them gives contribution and work together in harmony in doint the work. Miscommunication When the members are not interacting among each other in doing the work, each are working separately, not knowing the growth of their work and not refereing to one another when one has reached a dead end with their work. †¢ Time management The way that a person manages or allocate their time in doing specific things in terms of whether they are on-time or not. LITERATURE REVIEW Working in groups are complicated because one has to adapt to all behaviors of the group members and if one cannot adapt, problems will start to rise. Some students are used to working alone all the time, therefore they will have difficulties in working in group. They will have to listen to other’s ideas, accept them, know how to interact and so much more. Like what Whatley (2009) said, without experience in group working, it will be hard for students to overcome the problems of working in group in which it will show in the quality output of your group’s work. Although, these students may not have the experience, their group members whom might have some (experience), may teach them or can lead the group knowing what and how to do it. This is the best part of working in groups, the students get to learn from one another. Leaning on one another in the group allows issues to be solved that arises from group work, the students should together come up with some basic rules that each should agree on and follow. If problems are left unsolved or undealt with, it may either grow bigger causing more and more problem but if lucky it would just go away. In either way, the members will be affected as they will feel some tension going around and might not perform as well as they could have. It is possible to go through the motion of a team project exercise and still not learn fundamental lessons about the essence of working in teams, ranging from communication skill to the ability to motivate others (Wolfe, Student Attitudes toward Team Projects). In the study of Dunne and Rawlins (2000), Hansen (2006) and Prichard, Stratford, & Bizo (2006) taken by Whatley (2009), it is known that a team project in higher level of education can provide a safe environment for learning about group working, with the help of guidance as a base for them to work on. Ford & Morice (2003), suggests that a micro management strategy should be opted in group assignments that would teach the students about how to act in when in group so that they can prepare themselves for when they enter the workforce. From Chang (1999), in the study, it was found that most students participated well and put effort in the group because they will be assessed by their fellow group members. Therefore, in the ground rules, assessment should be included, too, as Chang (1999) study showed how it motivates the student to perform. Running on ground rules, communication should be highlighted and stressed on it’s importance when working in group. In cases of free-riders or not distributing equal work among the group members, they should voice out and let other members know how you feel about it and how unfair it is for that to happen. They need to communicate amongst themselves and take part in doing the work. Whether the communications are done in all direction, horizontally or vertically, what is important is that it should be clearly communicated and spoken in language and terms that is able to be understood. Not only should communication be put in the ground rule but also the importance of time management. Therefore, as Whatley (2009) said, to ensure trust in the group, they (the group members) should agree on some ground rules and follow them. From Whatley (2009) again, she had mentioned that in gaining consensus among all the group members, a group must have some face-to-face meeting as well as having selecting some ground rules in order to have a clear and ambiguous communication in the group. â€Å"Conflict involves negotiation, whether it resulted in a Win-Lose or a Win-Win outcome. Naturally a Win-Win outcome is preferred. † (Chang, 1999) Free-rider is a serious problem in group work. Students who do not contribute effort and input will effect the other members emotionally, though, most times they do not show. It is very unfortunate that the student still have the decency of wanting their name to be included on submited work. It is all too possible to for students to let others do the heavy lifting of a team project, and yet reap the benefits of the eventual outcome (Wolfe, Student Attitudes toward Team Projects). It is possible for high levels of individual accomplishment to go unrewarded, or even punished, as a result of the factors beyong their control (Wolfe, Student Attitudes toward Team Projects). Yes, tonnes and tonnes of problems may arise from group work, but it offers some beneficial rewards also. For example, one get to share it’s ideas among the othe groupmates and in turn gets some ideas or feedbacks back from their groupmates. Futhermore, doing work in group eases the workload one has to do if is working alone. In groups, tasks are divided among all members and each are given own responsibilies in the group. From Ford & Morice (2003) findings, they found that even though students frequently encounter problems working in group but they would still prefer to work in group rather than individually. This shows that, eventhough they had problems but having the knowledge and ideas being shared in groups are more important that it can scratch out the negative side of group work to them. After conducting a statistical analysis on the test scores, it was found that students who participated in collaborative learning had performed significantly better on the critical- thinking test than students who studied individually (Gokhale, 1995). RESEARCH METHODOLGY This section discusses the methodology of the research. The main purpose of the research is to investigate to investigate the possible errors that can be found in tasks done in groups. To evaluate and assess the student of IIUM, 20 students were selected randomly. Data for the research were collected through questionnaire. This research uses only the quantitative research methodology. The instrument used to collect the data was questionnaire. A set of questionnaire containing 18 questions are divided into 4 sections was newly developed. Different question types, such as, ranking, yes-no, and open-ended were used in the questionnaire. The different sections of the questionnaire were: i) Background , ii) Communication , iii) Team work iv) Time management. The respondents of the study were the undergraduate students of IIUM from different kulliyyahs. On 3rd December 2011, a total of 20 questionnaires were distributed to IIUM students at different kulliyyahs and all questionnaire was returned. Of these number, 11 were male and the rest, 9, were female. No approval was needed in handing out the questionnaires in IIUM. During the actual study, questionnaire were distributed at various locations on campus, such as Economics Cafe’, KENMS, mahallah, HS kulliyyah and etc. Data were entered into the computer and analyzed using excel. Results were presented through frequency counts and other descriptive statistics. FINDINGS From the data collected, 11 of the respondents were male and nine of them were female, in which there were five of them who were 20 years old, two were 21 years old, seven respondents were 22 years old, two respondents were 23 years old and four of them were 24 years old. Most of the respondents are Malaysian, totaling to seven of them and the rest were Singaporean (four), Kyrgyz (three), Vietnamese (three), Indonesian (two) and Siamese (one). Most of the respondents were from Kulliyyah of Economics (six), one were from Kulliyyah of IRK, one from Architecture, one from Law, another one from Education, four being from HS, two were engineering students and the remaining four were from Kulliyyah of ICT. In which four of the respondents were first year students, another four were in their second year, seven being a third year student and five were in the fourth year of studying in IIUM. Figure 1: Student’s thought on group works [pic] Figure 1 shows the percentage of rankings on what students of IIUM think about group works, whether they like it or they prefer to work individually. As seen in the figure above, only 10% did not like working in groups whereas 25% said it was less preferred. 25% ranked them to be neutral on the issue, while another 25% and 15% of the respondents saying it is preferable and most preferable to work in groups, consequtively. Figure 2: Student’s preferred communication method [pic] Table 1: Communication method ranking |5 |4 |3 |2 |1 | |Call |0 |0 |3 |8 |9 | |Text |0 |0 |2 |5 |13 | |Email/Chatroom |13 |4 |2 |1 |0 | |Meet |7 |7 |6 |0 |0 | | | | | | | | Although, from Figure 2 and Table 1, the respondents showed otherwise. In Figure 2, comparison between the ‘Most prefered’ and ‘Not prefered’ ranks on the communication method is shown just to have clearer view of those who prefered to work in group and those who do not. The data in the table shows the whole data gathered on about how they really communicate with their groupmates. Figure 3 below shows the percentage on the students’ opinion to why miscommunication happens among their group members, in which most of them said because of misunderstanding, that is misinterpreting what one another is saying. 0% of them said because of language barrier (having hard time to commute in mutual language), 20% said it is because there are lack of meetings and the remaining 15% ticked ‘Others’. Those who ticked ‘Others’ said that because they are not able to accept other’s ideas and views. Figure 3 [pic] Figure 4: Experience with free-riders [pic] Figure 4 is for the section on teamwork. In which this figure shows the number of respondents having experience to grouping with a free-rider. As shown, 11 of them said they have and the rest never had. Apart from that, 35% of the respondents said yes that al l their members assigned the tasks equally, 10% does not and the highest percentage (55%) said only in some of their groups gives equal work and their other group does not. Refering to the questionnaire, Question 13 is similar to question 12, this is to make sure that there is reliability in the respondents’ answers, and there is. Basically, for those who answered that ‘only some of their group give out equal tasks’ (55% being 11 in number) said they were given extra tasks. These datas charts can be refered to in the appendix as Figure 7 and 8. Figure 5: Reason for finishing work late [pic] For the time management section, 15 of the respondents said yes it does take a long time for them to finish only their part. Interpreting that into percentage, 75% said yes (can be refered to Figure 9 in the appendix). Figure 5 above are data from those 75% that answered yes to taking a long period to finish own part, those who answered yes only answer this question. Therefore, seven of them said they are busy with other assignments, five says because the assignment is complicated therefore they need longer time and another three said they are just lazy to do their part earlier. Figure 6: Reasons for late to meetings [pic] In Figure 6, not all 20 respondents are being analyzed on, only thos who answered yes in showing up on-time to group meetings are being analyzed, that is 60%, the other 40% does not come on-time. For a better picture, this data is graphed into Figure 10 in the appendix. Moving on, most of these respondents said they come late because they are busy with other things, four of them said they do not like to be on-time, another four said things always comes up during those times and five of them do nont normally check the time therefore it is either their luck that they came on-time or not. Apart from asking about the respondents coming on-time, from the collected data none of the respondents’ other groupmates comes early to all meetings, but 7 said their group came early to most meetings, ten said their members came early to some of the meetings and the remaining three said none of them ever came early. DISCUSSION Under the communication part, it can be seen that with 20% respondents saying lack of meetings leads to miscommunication and not almost but all respondents agreed that the best communication method would be meetings. With that, looking at what they answered for the rest of communication part’s question, knowingly that face-to-face meetings are crucial, most of them only communicate through emails and chatrooms leaving with only seven respondents who actually is walking the talk (doing the meetings). This is supported by Whatley (2009), she had mentioned that in gaining consensus among all the group members, a group must have some face-to-face meeting as well as having selecting some ground rules in order to have a clear and ambiguous communication in the group. Miscommunication happens when they meet less, have language barrier, misunderstand one another, and being unable to accept what others have to say. These seven respondents sees the importance of ‘teamwork’ in accomplishing group works, therefore, they have them. From the analysis, the IIUM students have the awareness on the importance of having quality communication but somehow they are lazy in actually doing the things that would increase their communication’s quality. By having this meet-ups, all miscommunication can be overcome, even with language barrier, (if and only if the group members do not keep quiet about how they feel and what problems they ecounter with the group or task being assigned) when they have meet-ups and talk out their problems, and making sure each and every members understands the task they are being assigned. One of this paper’s research objective is to determine whether the IIUM students work together in their group, the obvious data that is graphed into Figure 8, shows that 55% of the respondents had been given extra tasks. From the datas gathered it can be seen that there are still those who free-rides on group assignment. Up to 11 respondents have had free-riders as their group member and all of the respondents said their group members would care if there was a free-rider in the group. Free-riders do not do any work, therefore when a free-rider exist in a group, tasks are not being allocated equally among all members as some of them have to do the task that was assigned to the free-rider. Proving this by the 55% of respondents saying yes that in some groups only that tasks were being distributed equally, other way of looking at it is that some does not distribute equally and another 10% said none of their group ever equally distribute them. Obviously, all members would not know that there is a free-rider until reaching to the compilation date, in which the free-rider do not have any work to send and would be giving excuses for it instead of doing it, and those members who care so much for the assignment would be doing the free-rider’s part of the work. Here are some statements to prove this. It is all too possible for students to let others do the heavy lifting of a team project, and yet reap the benefits of the eventual outcome (Wolfe, Student Attitudes toward Team Projects). It is possible for high levels of individual accomplishment to go unrewarded, or even punished, as a result of the factors beyond their control (Student Attitudes toward Team Projects). Looking at the time management aspect of the IIUM students, they are very undisciplined in finishing and submiting their part to other member, with a 75% of the respondents says they are usually late. Making their reasons to be because they are busy with other things, the assignment is complicated, and some even said they are just too lazy to get it done early. These students with this mentality (lazy to get assignment done early) are bad to be having in a group because they like to do things at the very last minute and with constraint in time, quality of work production would definitly not reach the standard. Although, in terms of being on-time at meetings, these respondents showed otherwise. Majority of them are on-time meaning that they do have time management under control. In some aspects the IIUM students are good with time management and in some they are bad. As proven by Chang (1999), in her study, she found that most students participated well and put effort in the group because they will be assessed by their fellow group members. In the peer assessment form, how each member manages their time in coming to meetings or submiting work on-time, should be included as this will motivate the students to manage their time better. CONCLUSION This study investigates the posible errors that are found in group work. It includes a bit on the importance of teamwork, how to overcome the issues and why the issues rise in the first place. The objectives of this study is to understand how miscommunications can happen in a group among the IIUM students, to determine whether IIUM students work together when given a group assignment, to understand how time becomes a big constraint when working in groups among the IIUM students. In overall, the findings shown that the IIUM students know the importance of group work, how to eliminate problems and so on so forth but they still do not do the things that will cut out problems. Like in time management, the respondents know that that should be one of the things to be disciplined on but still they do not submit or come on-time due to valid reasons or simply because they are lazy. All the communication, team work and time management are crucial issues that are linked to each other in a certain way. The IIUM students have to overcome the miscommunication problems because when working real jobs later, it is crucial to have a smooth flow of communication amongst all members, because work cannot be completed with quality without communication. Therefore, these students have to start training themselves from now so that it would not affect them later in working life. Without communication, there would be no team work. Without teamwork, tasks are harder to be accomplised bacause the reason they are being given to work in groups because it would create a better work outcome having variety of ideas coming from each members and that it would quicken up the complition time of the assignment because tasks are divided. Therefore, serious actions should be taken on free-riders because they create dissatisfaction among all the other members in which will lead to stress and tension among the members. Some ideas on how to iradicate some of the group work problems as were shown in Chang (1999), in which peer assessments were done on each group members, in which they have to be honest and truthful about each comment. As for the limitations that were encountered in finishing this research, in which there were not many, searching for articles and journals to do reviews on was a bit of a fuss. To find the ones that are compatible and having some point being similar to this research was difficult, although successfully, some was found. APPENDIX QUESTIONNAIRE The data to be collected will be used for academic purposes under the subject LE 4000, strictly. Background 1. Gender:( ) Male( ) Female 2. Age:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3. Nationality:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4. Kulliyyah:( ) Economics ( ) IRK( ) HS( ) Architecture ( ) Engineering( ) ICT( ) Law( ) Education 5. Level of study:1/2/3/4 Communication For Q6 & Q7, rank them with these; 5 = most prefered, 4 = prefered, 3 = neutral, 2 = less prefered, 1 = not prefered 6. With you working in groups are:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7. Your communication method:( ) Call( ) Text( ) Email/Chatroom( ) Meet 8. Which do you think is the best communication method? (Among the methods given in Q8) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9. In your opinion, why miscommunication happen? ( ) Lack of meeting( ) Language barrier( ) misunderstanding( ) Others Specify others: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Team work 10. Have you had any free-rider as a groupmate? ( ) Yes( ) No 11. Does your other groupmates care that there is a free-rider/s in the group? ( ) Yes( ) No 12. Do you and your groups equally distribute the work? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) In some groups, yes 13. Have you ever been given extra task to do in the group? ) Yes( ) No Time management 14. Does it take a long time to finish your part of your group assignment? ( ) Yes( ) No 15. If you answered ‘Yes’ to Q15, why so: ( ) Busy with other assignment( ) Complicated assignment ( ) Too lazy to get it done early 16. Are you always on-time for your group me etings? ( ) Yes( ) No 17. If you answered ‘No’, why so: ( ) Don’t keep track of time( ) Busy with other things ( )Things always come up( ) Don’t like to come early 18. How many of your groupmates usually come on-time to group meetings? ( ) All( ) Most( ) Some( ) None Thank you for your time. Figure 7: Equal work distribution pic] Figure 8: Extra task given [pic] Figure 9: Needs long time to complete task [pic] Figure 10: On-time to meetings [pic] REFERENCES Whatley, J. (2009). Ground Rules in Team Projects: Findings from a Prototype System to Support Student. Journal of Information Technology Education, 8, 161-176. Ford, M. & Morice, J. (2003). How Fair are Group Assignments? A Survey of Students and Faculty and a Modest Proposal. Journal of Information Technology Education, 2, 367-378. Gokhale, A. A. (1995). Collaborative Learning Enhances Critical Thinking. Journal of Technology Education, 7(1). Chang, V. (1999). How can conflict within a group be manage d? In K. Martin, N. Stanley and N. Davison (Eds),  Teaching in the Disciplines/ Learning in Context, 59-66. Proceedings of the 8th Annual Teaching Learning Forum, The University of Western Australia, February 1999. Wolfe A. M. (n. d. ). Student Attitudes toward Team Projects. Organizational Behavior. http://www. ilr. cornell. edu/library/research/subjectguides/organizationalbehavior. html Group Behavior. Wikipedia. 10 November 2011. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Group_behaviour Nishan Wimalachandra. Organizational Behavior. www. nishanw. org Jex, S. M. ,& Britt, T. W. (2008). Organizational Psychology: A Scientist-Practitioners Approach. Wiley; 2 Edition.

Business Leaders of Pakistan Essay Example

Business Leaders of Pakistan Essay Example Business Leaders of Pakistan Essay Business Leaders of Pakistan Essay who in their capacity as a personal friends offered their expertise as an assistant editors, especially Syed Muhammad Tahir who researched and wrote special chapter on Holy Prophet (PBUH) as an Entrepreneur. The eagle-eyed professionalism and humorous touch shown towards keeping the momentum going with my entire team proved to be of great support during the long months of seeing his book through the press. I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the executive committee which comprises people who have always been with me through all rough and rocky times, and have helped transform this idea into reality. People like Mr. Ahmed Husnain, Mr. Kamran Rizvi, Mr. Arif Ansari, Mr. Ahmed Qureshi, Mr. Rizwan Ali Shah, Mr. Atif Tufail, and Mr. Danish Shehryar are the real strength behind every success that has been achieved so far. Here, I am forever grateful to the contributors and writers; without their valuable input, the flesh of the book would have gone amiss. We all know that in the hectic routine of todays life, it is very difficult to take out time even for oneself, but they somehow managed to do so, and it means a lot to the Manager Today team. After all this, I present to you the hard work of all those who have been mentioned and also those who, though, could not be a part of this page but deep down in their hearts, know the value of their participation. Manager Today Read me First: MAD (Make A Difference! ) ix MANAGER TODAYS THE Journey CONTINUES! x prophet Muhammad (PBUH) AS AN ENTREPRENEUR LEADER xvii Business Leaders, Entrepreneurs, PRESIDENTS CEOS . ABDUL RAZAK DAWOOD (Chan-man, Descon) 2 2. ABRAR HASAN (CEO, National Foods)9 3. ADIL NAJAM (Vice Chancellor, LUMS) 15 4. ADNAN SIDDIQUI (country 6M, Pakistan Afghanistan 18M) 21 5. AFTAB TAPAL (Chairman, Tapal)28 6. AHMAD HASNAIN (CEO, Allied Marketing Pvt. Ltd. ) 33 7. AHMED ATEEQ (CEO, pnmus Investment Management Ltd) 39 8. AHMED KHIZER KHAN (President CEO, sank) 47 9. AHSAN IQBAL (MNA, Chairman, setter Pakistan Foundation) 54 10. ALI ANSARI (President CEO, Engro Corporation) 60 11. ALMAS HYDER (CEO, spel Group) 68 12. AMBER SAIGOL (Chairperson, Dawn Media Group) 73 13. AMEENA SAIYID OBE (MD, oxford university press) 80 14. AQEEL KARIM DHEDHI (Chan-man, AKD Ltd. ) 85 15. ARIF HABIB (Chan-man CEO, Artf Habib Group) 91 16. ASAD ALI KHAN (President, AbacusConsulting) 99 17. ASAD MUKHTAR (Chan-man CEO, Banu Mukhtar contracting (PVt) Ltd. ) 106 18. ASAD UMAR (Political Leader, PTI / Ex-President, Engro Corporation Ltd. ) 111 19. ASIF JOOMA (CEO, Pakistan Lit-nited) 116 20. ATIF BAJWA (President CEO, sank Alfalah Ltd. ) 122 21 . AZHAR UL HASSAN (CEO, KAN Engtneenng services) 129 22. CHAUDHRY FAISAL MUSHTAQ Tl (CEO, Roots Millennium schools) 134 23. CHAUDHRY M. NAWAZ CHATTHA (Chan-man, Gourmet Foods) 144 24. DR MOHAMMAD AMJAD (Chan-man, Eden Housing Developer) 148 25. DR. MIRZA IKHTIAR BAIG (Chan-man, Batg Group) 152 26. DR. MUHAMMAD AMJAD SAQIB (Chan-man, Akhuwat) 158 27. FAISAL AFRIDI (President CEO, Ruba SEZ Group) 161 28. GHAZANFAR AZZAM (President CEO, waseela Microfinance sank) 168 29. HAJI MUHAMMAD YASIN (Chan-man, Eastern products) (Vital Tea)174 30. HASAN SOHAIB MURAD (Rector, IJMT) 179 31 . HUSSAIN DAWOOD (Chan-man, Dawood Hercules corporation) 186 32. IMRAN KHAN (Chairman, Pakistan Tehreek -e- Insaaf) 191 33. IQBAL AHMED QARSHI (Chan-man, Qarshi Industries) 196 4. IRFAN SIDDIQUI (President CEO, Meezan sank ltd. ) 202 35. IRSHAD ALI S. KASSIM (Chan-man, Karam, Group) 207 JAHANGIR SIDDIQUI (Chan-man, JS Group) 218 38. JAMSHAID IQBAL CHEEMA (Chan-man, Aunga Group) 225 39. JUNAID IQBAL (CEO, Elixir securities) 230 40. KAMAL A. CHINOY (CEO, Pakistan cables / president, MAP) 236 41. KASHIF MATEEN ANSARI (CEO, SACHAL Energy Development) 241 42. KASHIF SAJJAD SHEIKH (MD, CCL Pharmaceuticals)247 43. KHAWAJA SHAHZEB AKRAM (CEO, Pharma Health Pakistan) 251 44. KHAWAR JAMAL (CEO, Mall Pakistan Mobil) 258 45. KHAWAR M. BUTT (MD, English Biscuit Manufacturers) 265 46. M. HAROON QASSIM (MD, PharmEvo (PVt. ) Ltd. ) 270 47. M. RAFIQUDDIN MEHKARI (President, Askan sank Ltd. ) 277 48. M. GHALIB NISHTAR (President, Khushhali sank Ltd. ) 283 49. MAJ (R) JAZ MUHAMMAD KHAN (Chan-man, Ali Akbar Group. ) 28950. MIAN MUHAMMAD MANSHA (Chan-man, Nishat Group MCB)294 51 . MOHAMMAD MASUD AKHTAR (CEO, KSB pumps company Ltd. ) 301 52. MOHAMMAD SHAHID HUSSAIN (CEO, General Tyre) 306 53. MOHAMMAD ZUBAIR MOTIWALA (Chan-man, Sindh Board of Investment) 313 54. MOIN A. MALIK (CEO, Agility Logistics) 318 55. MUHAMMAD ALI TABBA (CEO, Lucky cement Ltd. ) 324 56. MUHAMMAD FARID ALAM (CEO, AKD securities Ltd) 331 7. MUHAMMAD NADEEM KHAN (CEO, Razztq Intl. )337 58. MUHAMMAD NADIM KHAN (CEO Islamabad Chapter MAAKSONS) 344 59. MOHAMMAD QAWUM (MD, Bata Pakistan) 349 60. MUHAMMAD SALEEM AHMAD RANJHA (Founding Director, AKHUWAT 354 61. MUNEER FAROOQUI (CEO, wand Telecom Pakistan) 361 62. NADEEM HUSSAIN (Founder, CEO / president -rameer Microfinance sank) 368 63. NAEEM ZAMINDAR (CEO, wateen) 372 64. NASEER A. AKHTAR (President CEO, Infotech) 378 65. NASIR J. CHOWDHRY (MD, Medtpak Ltd. ) 384 66. NASREEN KASUR (Chairperson, Beaconhouse school system) 387 67. NINA AKBAR (CEO, sukh Chan wellness Club) 392 68. RAFIQ RANGOONWALA (CEO, KFC cupola) 396 69. RASHID MANSUR (CEO,JS investments Ltd. ) 403 70. RIFFAT MUSHTAQ (Aizaz e Fazeelat) Founder Chairperson Roots School System) 410 71 . RIZWAN U. KHAN (General Manager, Coca Cola, Pakistan Afghanistan) 415 72. ROSHANEH ZAFAR (Founder Managing Director, Kashf Foundation) 421 73. S. MASOOD HASHMI (President CEO, ORIENTt-n Mccann president MAP) 42674. S. M. MUNEER (Chan-man Din Group of Industries, Vice chairman MCB) 431 75. SAAD AMANULLAH KHAN (CEO, Gillette Pakistan Ltd) 436 76. SALIM GHAURI (Chan-man CEO, Netsol Technologies Ltd. paktstan)442 77. SAQIB HAMDANI (CEO, -rcs Pvt. Ltd. ) 448 78. SARMAD A ALI (MD, Jang Media Group) 455 79. SARTAJ AZIZ (VC, Beaconhouse National university / Ex-Federal Minister) 46080. SEEMA AZIZ (Founder, Chairperson, CARE Foundation/ SEAM) 465 81 . SHABEEH 82. SHAHZAD MALIK (CEO, Master Group of companies) 475 83. SHAUKAT TARIN, s. l, Advisor Silk sank (Former, Finance Mintster)481 84. SHAZAD G. DADA (CEO, Barclays sank PIO 486 85. SIKANDAR MUSTAFA KHAN (Chan-man, Millat Group of companies) 49086. SIKANDER SULTAN (Chan-man, Shan Foods) 495 87. SIRAJUDDIN AZIZ (President CEO, Habib Metropolitan sank) 50088. SOHAIL WAJAHAT H. SIDDIQUI (Ex. Chatrman pso / Federal Minister) 505 89. SULTANA SIDDIQUI (CEO, HUM Network) 511 90. SYED BABAR ALI (Chan-man, packages) 51 5 91 . SYED FARROKH MAZHAR (MD, S6S) 521 92. SYED SALAHUDDIN HADER (President CEO, 21st century Real Estate) 527 93. TABISH GAUHAR (Chan-man, KESC) 532 94. TAHER A. KHAN (Chan-man, Interflow Group)536 95. TAHIR MALIK (Chan-man CEO, TRAFCO Group of companies) 540 96. WALD IRSHAID (President CEO, PTCL) 544 97. WALD MUSHTAQ (CEO- Roots International schools Pvt. Ltd) 550 98. YAQOOB TAHIR ZHAR (CEO, Izhar Group of companies) 558 99. ZAFAR KHAN (CEO, sofizar) 564 100. ZAHID HUSSAIN (CEO, Borjan) 569 Read me First: MAD (Make A Difference! ) Once it was merely a dream; today, it is a tangible reality, YES! 100 Business Leaders of Pakistan, a book of inspiration, success stories of high profile business leaders, entrepreneurs, women of substance, educationists, philanthropists and young CEOs, is in your hands. This is Pakistans first-ever book devoted to the personal and professional development of current and future business leaders, women of substance, and entrepreneurs. It is here to make a difference. The philosophy of this book is: Dont curse the darkness, light a candle. The whole concept of this book lies with the help ofa parable. Once there was a man walking along a beach; the sun was shining and it was a beautiful day. Off at a distance, he saw a person going back and forth between the surfs edge and the beach. As this man approached, he could see that there were hundreds of starfish stranded on sand. The oceanic tides had pushed them out of water. The man was amazed by the obvious futility of the task. There were too many starfish. Many of them were sure to perish. He went closer to the person, he continued the task of picking up starfish; one by one and throwing hem into the surf. He came up to the person, and said: mfou must be crazy; there are thousands of miles of beach covered with starfish, you cant possibly make a difference. The person looked at the man, stooped down and picked up one more starfish and threw it back into the ocean. He turned back to the man and said, It has surely made a difference to that one! Now, it is the right time to make a strong pledge to come out from the state of mind of desperation helplessness, stress depression, contradictions controversies, paradoxes dichotomies. And never say Why even try rather say l Can I Will make a difference in the life of one person. We need to focus today on changing the hearts and mindsets of ourselves first and then of others. As Allah Almighty says in the Holy Quran: Allah Almighty doesnt change the destiny of people until and unless they change themselves and HE knows all. (8:54) MANAGER TODAYS The journey continues!! Alhamdolillah, it is a matter of great satisfaction that the third edition of this book is in your hands. The first two editions of this book have proved to be grand landmarks and became sellers. Now, this third edition is hopefully going to hit the stalls again as the bestseller, Insha Allah. We, very carefully and after much deliberation, have selected the success stories, inspiring interviews and profiles of the trendsetters for this book of 100 business leaders and difference makers. The criterion for the selection of leaders and companies was based on the brightest, the fastest and the biggest, especially owing to their contributions towards economic growth, their impact on GDP, employment generation, regional and global presence, their initiations of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility), best management practices, eadership styles, and HR engagements. These 100 business leaders of Pakistan created almost one million Jobs and earned a very respectable name in their companies. Average annual growth of these companies was above 30%. Hence, not even a single company is in loss. They earned huge amounts of revenue in terms of profitability and performance. Out of these 100 companies, more than a dozen companies have their presence in the international markets, thus earning a respectable name globally for their companies. These 100 successful business leaders are role models for the rest of the country especially for the future enerations of entrepreneurs. The book 100 Business Leaders of Pakistan is a kind of golden nugget that stimulates the passion and performance you need to move your society, business and country forward into the future through learning from the challenges and the opportunities ahead and help you find out the latest methods of outshining and excelling in perpetually challenging business environment. Another key objective of this book is to project the role of the visionary business leaders in economic growth, creation of opportunities for future entrepreneurs † a recipe for conomic prosperity † developing responsible and ethical leaders in any organization and last but not the least how to face and overcome business challenges in turbulent times. This book is more than Just simply a chronology of success stories, exclusive interviews of business leaders or a mere compilation of their achievements, rather it is a deep insight into what drives these visionary business leaders. During my university days, I had always observed a great void † one could find a plethora of business books, articles on professional and personal development, management styles, and success stories of individuals like Bill Gates nd Steve Jobs, big and small by the western writers † but I could not find any literature, however, existed about Pakistani business leaders. They are real contributors to Pakistans immense business and economic outlook who excelled despite all odds, obstacles, frustrations, hindrances in the respective domains. We have miserably failed to project our business leaders as heroes † our role models serving as inspiration for our future generations. Some of these may be unsung heroes. I have been venting out such frustration at this gap between business and academia off and on over a period of time. My training and teaching experiences took a definitive shape and I resolved to bridge the gap between business academia. Our concept of 100 Business Leaders of Pakistan was born with the need that most developed countries have a huge amount of information available about their business platform and business leaders, about the thought processes of those who are at the helm of the businesses affairs, whereas, in Pakistan we have scant quality information about our business leaders. We had to start from somewhere; so MANAGER TODAY then took small steps forward that we hoped would constitute a omprehensive collection of inspiring stories; business interviews and case studies of business leaders and their organizations. During our research, we found seven key success factors of these 100 business leaders. But we named the key success factors as Seven Secrets of Failure. But these 100 business leaders did the opposite of these key factors. Finally the Seven Secrets of Failures of the top 100 business leaders and difference makers have been revealed: 1 . Lack of Perseverance (Istaqamat): Most leaders fail not because they lack knowledge or talent, but because they quit. The total secret of success lies in two words: persistence and resistance. Persistence in what must be done and resistance what ought not to be done. 2. Lack of Faith (Yaqeen e Kamil): People who lack conviction take the middle of the road; and guess what happens in the middle of the road? You get run over. People without conviction do not take a stand. They go along to get along because they lack confidence and courage. They conform in order to get accepted even when they know that what they are doing is wrong. They behave like part of a herd. 3. Rationalizing (Susst Musst): Winners must analyse but never rationalize. That is a losers game. Losers always unlucky Im born under the wrong stars Im not good looking I dont have contacts I dont have enough money The economy is bad If only I had the opportunity If only I didnt have a family And the list goes on. 4. Not Learning from Past Mistakes (Insanity): Some people live and learn, and some only live. Wise people learn from their mistakes. People who do not learn lessons from history are doomed. Failure is a teacher if we have the right attitude. Failure is a detour, not a dead end. It is a delay, not a defeat. Experience is the name we give to our mistakes. . Lack of Discipline (Emotional Intelligence): Anyone who has accomplished anything worthwhile has never done so without discipline and emotional maturity. Emotional intelligence takes self-control, sacrifice, avoiding distractions and temptations. It means staying focused. Steam does not move the engine unless it is confined. Niagara Falls would not generate power unless it was harnessed. 6. Poor Self-Esteem ( Tasawar -e- Zaat -Takmeel-e- Zaat to Irfaan-e-Zaat): Poor self- esteem is a lack of self-respect and self-worth. It leads to abuse of ones self and thers. People with low self-esteem are constantly looking for an identity. They are trying to find themselves. Ones self is not to be found but to be created. Idleness and laziness are consequences of poor self-esteem and so is making excuses. Idleness is like rust that corrodes the most brilliant metal. 7. Fatalistic Attitude (Proactive vs. Reactive): A reactive attitude prevents people from accepting responsibility for their position in life. They attribute success and failure to luck. They surrender themselves to their fate. They believe and accept the predestined future written in their horoscope. They believe that regardless of their effort, whatever has to happen will happen. Hence they never put in any effort, and complacency becomes a way of life. They wait for things to happen rather than make them happen. This is the first time we are giving the success definitions of Pakistani people like Mian Mansha, Abdul Razak Dawood, etc. Before, the definitions of European gurus like Steve Jobs, Shakespeare and others were preferred. Following are the few expert definitions on Success: One should be brave and courageous enough to take risks and tough decisions and the spirit of entrepreneurship. Mian Muhammad Mansha, Chairman, Nishat Group/ MCB. Success has many sides, it is about being a good family man, and that means being a good husband and a good father. One should always struggle to be a good Muslim and give back to society. If you accomplish and create an institution, that is a great achievement!!! Abdul Razak Dawood, Chairman, Descon. It is not easy to define happiness because it is a subjective thing. Generally, people here lack emotional stability. However, no matter how many roles a person has to assume in everyday life, he should be able to maintain a balance of happiness in all of them. Arif Habib, Chairman, Arif Habib Corporation. No matter what the institute is, the major emphasis should be on the development of the inner soul and mind. Education is the ability to analyse and understand values are the fundamental touchstone on which a professional is made. Hussain Dawood, Chairman, Dawood Hercules Corporation. If you plan for a year, plant a tree. If for hundred years, teach the people. When you sow a seed once, you will reap a single harvest. When you teach the people, you will reap a hundred harvest. Syed Babar All, Chairman, Packages. Wake up people; we need to take charge of our destiny. We have immense human resource in the form of youth of Pakistan. Lack of quality of education is the root cause of our present poor plight as a nation. By providing education, all of us should strive to make our youth, our asset, not our liability. Seema Aziz, Founder and Chairperson, CARE Foundation; ED, SEAM. The biggest success is that you have contentment. Losing hope is not allowed in our religion. You should be persistent. If you are constantly working towards some goal, the divine help is also there for you. If you dont have a goal unfortunately, things would go bad for you. Sikander Sultan, Chairman, Shan Foods. For me, leadership is to inspire people to produce their best and women are fast learners of this phenomenon. Leaders are not born maybe some are but the majority of the leaders are developed. Nasreen Kasur, Chairperson, Beaconhouse School System. Our vision is to produce world-class professional managers, business leaders and entrepreneurs for industrial and business development of Pakistan. Dr. Ishrat Husain, Dean Director, IBA Karachi. The word impossible is simply non-existent in a leaders vocabulary. A thing seems impossible, if you think it is impossible. The best quality of a leader is that he dreams ig, he is an idealist. Imran Khan, Chairman, Pakistan PTI. We have tried our level best to place equally all these visionary businesses, rather than to rank them according to any particular competency order. Every individual is a giant on its own and stands out among the crowd. One should not misunderstand someone who is at the beginning or at the end. The position is in alphab etic order. While compiling these success stories and interviews or our research process, focus is on our purpose-built questionnaire shedding light on four dimensions of leadership and management as mentioned below: 1 . On Economy, Business

Free sample - Freedom of Speech in China. translation missing

Freedom of Speech in China. Freedom of Speech in ChinaAbstract The paper seeks to examine the freedom of speech for the people of Republic of China. The paper seeks to do this, by examining the way the government of China has treated the media. This is because the paper believes that the media is central to the freedom of expression in any country. The paper also briefly examines how the Chinese government responds to those who activate for political freedom in China. Introduction The recent tussles between the government of China and the search engine Google show that China has gagged the media. This is because the Internet is the most modern means of communication (Cohn, 2007). It is also the media that can make most people express themselves freely. For freedom of expression to exist, there must be a free media .This is because people can only be heard through the media. Only last year, Liu, a renowned journalist was sent to prison. This was because of an email he had written. The charges against him were that he called for peaceful political demonstrations. Many ordinary Chinese have been jailed for candid political expression. The People’s Republic of China continues to be a country that restricts the freedom of expression. This has seen many people leave the country. It has always managed to restrict freedom of expression by censoring the media. Since its formation in 1949, china has gagged the media. This has been due to the fact that the media is state run. Only a small number of media houses are not state run. They include CCTV, The People’s Daily and Xinhua. Where the media are not censored they encounter stiff government regulations. The media here is taken to mean television, Radio, newapapers, magazines and more recently the Internet. Some of the regulations that the media faces are as follows; for one, it is forbidden to report or question the legitimacy of the communist party. This, in Chinese media is a taboo subject that can get one jailed. The media cannot also report on the government of Tibet. Tibet is a secessionist state it has seceded from China although China maintains that it is part of China. The Chinese media cannot also report on the religious movement Falun Gong. The past few years have seen the loosening of some of the government rules that restrict the media. This has been through the commercialization of the media. Also, the emergency of independent media houses has seen to participate in the loosening of the media restrictions (Esarey, 2005). Historical background For purposes of integrity, let the paper state that the Chinese media reports on social issues. The freedom that has been curtailed is the political expression. Political expression constitutes freedom of expression. The curtailing of the freedom of expression began way back in 1949. This was the year that saw the birth of the People’s Republic of China. The government established regulations to make sure that the media does not report certain topics. These regulations have always been passed by the socialist party which is the governing party. The parliament of China has also been involved in the passing of laws that gag the media (Yuezhi, 1998). In 1993, the Chinese government moved to censor the newest form of communication.  Ã‚   This was the Internet and the World Wide Web. Thus, the Internet has been censored in China since its inception. Since then there have been continuous fights between the Chinese government and management of search engines such as Google and Yahoo. The fight between the Chinese government and management of the mentioned search engines is about the freedom of expression. This is because the Chinese government has realized the potential of the Internet to be used as a means of communication. The government does not want the citizens to have any avenue where they can express themselves freely (Yuezhi, 1998). Crack on Activists The Chinese government has established a system that ensures that those who speak against the government are arrested.   These are the people who dare question the government on the taboo subject of freedom of expression. The other category includes those who fight for the rights of the citizens. These are the people who protest against police brutality. The police have been active in ensuring that those who speak against the government do not escape. They get arrested and charged on charges of defamation. Others go missing for months until they appear in court under false charges. Activists, when arrested, face long prison charges to discourage others from following in their suit. The government has also established a well trained police force to track down anyone who disobeys its regulations on censorship. Every kind of media is closely watched to ensure that they comply with the rules and regulations set in place to silence the citizenry. The one media that have been heavily cen sored in the recent past is the Internet. Internet censorship As the paper earlier documented, the censorship of the Internet began in 1993. This was when the central government passed three regulations that curtail the freedom of speech through the Internet. The first of these regulations state that individuals and private organizations are not allowed to have direct internet, international connection. This regulation was formally announced by the government in 1996, and it was updated in 1997(Collins, 2002). This regulation requires all Internet connection to go through the official government machinery such as CERNET, ChinaNET and GBNET among other government regulatory agencies (Amnesty International, 2002). The second regulation gave the ministry of public security authority to monitor the Internet provision in the country. The ministry was to inspect, supervise and guide the work of maintaining security in the country. In regard to the Internet, it was to prosecute criminal cases brought through the Internet. Reading the fine script, one can see that there is ambiguity in the powers of the ministry. This is to ensure that the ministry can get along with the suppression of the freedom of expression (Amnesty International, 2002). The government in regard to Internet censorship has been enacting new regulations. People who break these regulations face jail terms or fines. In other instances, they face both. The charges that are brought against the people who violate these Internet regulations are various. For one, they are charged with performing acts that split the nation. Defamation is also another popular charge that is brought against these people. Leaking government secrets is another charge that those people who violate Internet censorship laws get. Sites that are found to violate the state laws get blocked. Several sites have been blocked like New York Times site was blocked in 2000 though it was later unblocked. The sites for the Washington Post, CBN and CBS have also been blocked, but they were unblocked in 2000 (Abbott, 2004). According to the ministry of public security, the following is what makes a site be closed. According to the said ministry, if an Internet site is provoking division and promoting sentiment that is harmful to the national security, then it is to be closed. Injuring the image of state organizations is another crime that can get a site closed. Working to overthrow the Chinese government or the socialist set up is also termed as sedition and can get a site closed.   All this is propaganda aimed at stifling the freedom of expression. This is because it is the state ministry that determines what sedition is and what isn’t. The state ministry of security thus uses propaganda to censor freedom of speech in China. Because it cannot be overly brutal, it has come up with laws and regulations that push its’ agenda to harm the freedom of expression. Other media have also been stifled in the drive to control the freedom of speech in China. One such media is television (Abbott, 200 4). Television The people’s republic of China (PRC) is technology savvy. It has invested widely in the television industry. 35% of the population has access to television. The television industry is heavily watched by the central government. TV stations are not independent in the country. That is they cannot air what they like. Like the Internet, they are censored by the government. This is because the government allows them to carry as much social material as they want. But when it comes to political communication they are curtailed. The television networks cannot report on police brutality. Also, they cannot report on unrests in the country (Benjamin, 2005). The leading television network is the CCTV. It is a state owned corporation and employs about 10,000 people. It cannot air foreign programs. The contents of the TV broadcasts are examined by state officials on a regular basis. The TV station is closely watched by the propaganda department. It is under the scrutiny from the state department of the administration of Radio, Film and television. The chairman of the TV station is a deputy minister in the ministry of the administration of Radio, film and television. Thus, the TV industry is closely watched so that it cannot air anything that can advance the freedom of expression in the country. The other media like newspapers cannot also be used to advance the freedom of speech and expression (Benjamin, 2005). Radio Radio talk shows are slowly and systematically transforming the freedom of expression and speech in China. Most Radio stations have become liberal and are reporting on subjects that are considered taboo by the other media. Radio talk shows have become the ground on which millions of people talk back to the government. This is because the country has seen the proliferation of Radio stations in the last one decade. The Radio stations have become an avenue through which the people can at least have a measure of political freedom of expression. The other media are used by the state machinery to talk to the people. Radio provides a platform on which people talk back to the government. This does not mean that radio has a free hand to air what it wants. Freedom of expression continues to be suppressed in China on a day to day basis. China is one country that has consistently refused to grant a platform for the expression of fair speech (Guan, 1995). Newspapers Newspapers in China have not been able to cut through government restrictions. They are still under gags that make it impossible for them to report on anything that is politically sensitive. The dominant newspapers are socialist party papers that report more on social issues than on political matters. This is because to report on political issues is suicidal to a newspaper in China. Today there are 2200 daily papers in China. State agencies have authority to edit and censor news from foreign newspapers (Guan, 1995). Western media The western media are heavily censored in mainland China. This is in an attempt to stifle the freedom of speech. This is because the Chinese government understands the power of the media in opening up countries formerly locked in suppression of the freedom of speech. For example, the western media have been instrumental in opening up Burma to the international community. In China western journalists are restricted from entering the country. If they manage to enter the country, they meet severe restrictions. China is determined to continue the suppression of the freedom of speech .One of the most effective ways of doing this is the restriction of the western media in the country (Collins, 2002). Conclusion China has the longest record on the suppression of the freedom of speech. The paper has gone into details about how the government of China has stifled the media. This is because people cannot have freedom of speech when what they say cannot be reported in the media. The Chinese government has also censored the Internet. The Internet is the most efficient way of communicating globally. The Chinese government understands this, and that is why it cannot allow search engines like Google to operate freely in the country (Cohn, 2007). The freedom of speech is essential to the development of any country. Most countries that used to curtail the freedom of speech have changed and are now allowing the said freedom. The media have been liberalized in most parts of the country. One of the most conservative countries has given in to a free and independent media that are central to freedom of speech. This is none other than Russia. Other countries have followed suit. Thus, there is no reason why the world’s largest nation can continue to stifle the freedom of expression (Yuezhi, 1998). The governments of the world should rise and challenge China to give political space to its citizens. They should pressurize China to give freedom of speech to its citizens. This is because China is a signatory to international charter on freedom of speech. China also sits on the security council of the UN.Being a nation thus esteemed; it must also esteem its citizens by giving them the freedom of speech. Only in this way will it be able to prove to the world that it is worthy to sit on the security council of the UN.It will prove to all and sundry that it is serious when signing   international treaties. References Amnesty International (27 February 2002). People's Republic of China: State control of the Internet. New York: Amnesty International. Abbott, P.   (2004). The Political Economy of the Internet in Asia and the Pacific Digital Divides, Economic Competitiveness, and Security Challenges. New York: Praeger. Benjamin, L. (2005). "Watchdog or Demagogue? The Media in the Chinese Legal System." Columbia Law Review, 105(1). Cohn, W. (2007). "Yahoo's China Defense." New Presence: The Prague Journal of European Affairs, 10(2). Collins, D. (3 December 2002). China's Internet Censorship, CBS. Esarey, A. (2005), "Cornering the Market: State Strategies for Controlling China's Commercial Media." Asian Perspective, 29(2). Guan, S. (1995). Intercultural communication (in Chinese). Beijing: Beijing University Press. Yuezhi, Z. (1998), Media, Market, and Democracy in China. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

Creative Essay Topics Romeo and Juliet, Othello, Macbeth and other Shakespeares Plays

Creative Essay Topics Romeo and Juliet, Othello, Macbeth and other Shakespeares Plays Creative Essay Topics: Romeo and Juliet, Othello, Macbeth and other Shakespeare’s Plays Do you often make mistakes while spelling Shakespeare’s name? If you do, don’t get upset – there are numerous proofs like his signatures on different documents that showed his struggling with writing his own last name correctly. Shakespar, Shakespear or Shakspere? Unfortunately, a great and renowned writer didn’t have any spell checkers to suggest his mistake (by the way, made not only in his name’s spelling, but in all his literary works). Nevertheless, that didn’t prevent him from becoming a playwright master known all over the world. Romeo and Juliet is one of the most popular works created by Shakespeare. It was adapted directly in about 45 films and TV shows in different countries, and taken as a main idea for more than a hundred other adaptations. Macbeth and Othello don’t hang behind either. And can you imagine how many times were they used as school play? That’s just unbelievable! So, whether you’re a literature major or just a high schooler, be sure that you’ll get an academic assignment to write an essay on one of Shakespeare’s plays sooner or later.   And it’s better to be ready for that, for example, to have 20 sample essay topics: Romeo and Juliet, Othello or Macbeth will not stop you from getting a decent grade! Similar Tragic Elements in Hamlet, Othello and Macbeth Reinterpretation of Juliet’s Character in Film Adaptations The Role of a Female Character in Othello The Battle Between Families as the Encouragement for the Romance between Romeo and Juliet Juliet as a Passionate Feminist of Her Time Romeo Juliet vs Othello Desdemona The Evaluation of Macbeth’s Ambitions: Would They Be Enough for a Modern Career Hunting? Lady Macbeth vs Melisandre: Determination to Kill and Change the Course of Events What Makes up Masculinity in Shakespeare’s Macbeth? The Image of Witches in Macbeth Racial Issues Displayed in Othello Why Was Othello Played by a Caucasian with a Pained Face in the Old Times? Othello’s Distrust in Desdemona: Why Didn’t He Check Whether She Really Betrayed Him? Twelfth Night: the Topic of Sex and Sexuality The Fool’s Role in the Twelfth Night The Positioning of Denmark in Shakespeare’s Hamlet Hamlet’s Claudius vs Macbeth: Differences and Similarities Goethe’s View on Hamlet: Do You Agree? The Relationships between a Daughter and a Father – King Lear Who Supports and Nourishes King Lear’s Madness? These topics will help you to get inspired and select (or create) the best title for your essay. Our general tips is to connect Shakespearean ideas, characters and concepts with modern issues like feminism, racism, sexuality, etc. This way you will come up with fresh and under-researched topics that will do just great for school or college academic writing (and be interesting enough to challenge and motivate you). So, bookmark our sample topic list and return to it when you finally receive the relevant task!

How the practice of nursing is expected to grow and shift Essay

How the practice of nursing is expected to grow and shift - Essay Example It is therefore, important that all nurses know how the changes will affect their practice. One of the changes expected in the future is an increase in the number of nurses to provide health care services to any people in need of good health care. The current number of nurses is not enough to provide quality health care services to many people in need of the services. Community and home clinics will be the preferred mode of administering health care. Nurses will be recruited and deployed to serve in the community to provide quality services to many people in remote areas. In the home clinics, nurses and pharmaceutical services will be provided at the homes of the patients. They will help patients to help themselves at the comfort of their homes. This will be aimed at ensuring that those patients that are not able to reach a health facility are well taken care off. Nurse managed clinics are also going to be adopted in provision of health services to people. Many rural areas have limited access to health care. Through the nurse managed health centers, most of the patients in rural areas will be reached and provided with appropriate health care. These changes will see many citizens in America gain access to good and better health facilities. Thousands of people in rural areas are poor and lack accessibility to medical care. This has led to increased mortality rates. With the changes, these mortality rates are expected to decrease. Accountable care organizations that include groups of hospitals, doctors, health care providers will come together voluntarily to provide quality and coordinated high quality care to patients that are under a Medicare plan (Ballard, 2012, p. 707). This coordination will ensure that patients especially those with chronic diseases receive appropriate care. This will avoid duplication of services and medical errors. It will also enable savings among the patients since the costs of accessing good medical care will be reduced. It

Health Promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Health Promotion - Essay Example It has been used throughout the time to increase awareness among the community to determine their own needs and respond them accordingly. Community mobilization provides a wider platform for the health issues, where individuals understanding can be improved regarding health care methods and services that the community is able to attain through service utilization. However, barriers to services should be determined, with respect to the need to the community to increase its utilization. Community mobilization has developed a linkage between communities and health care institutions by spreading awareness and increasing the access, and equality in the health care sector. Formicola and Cordero (2013) in his study explains community mobilization as a process of development process in which individual or group get involved in activities, plans through in order to attain health, it can either be attained through individuals assistance or self motivation (Formicola & Cordero 2013). In the contemporary times, community capacity building in health promotion is perceived as a better approach to solve public health problems. In the last two decades, Australia health care institutions and government have focused to implement community mobilization for health promotion to address public health issues. The implementation of community based programs has resulted in positive health outcomes due to which the development of health promotion through community programs are gaining attention of several health care professionals. However, there are still a number of public health challenges that remain unsolved which have to be adequately addressed. Here the discussion is made regarding the success achieved by different community based programs that have improved health issues in Australia and New Zealand. Furthermore, the paper shall also determine the potential strength of Australia to address public health problems. Community

Read the Bourmistrov and Kaarboe (2013) paper and identify its key Essay

Read the Bourmistrov and Kaarboe (2013) paper and identify its key contribution(s). Critically evaluate and discuss the role of - Essay Example However, the scope of accounting profession has tremendously changed over the last two decades, and today top managers encourage the accountants to be a management partner instead of a mere technical partner. In addition, the emergence of new business concepts like beyond budgeting has greatly increased the significance of the accounting profession because top executives cannot deal with those newly developed practices without the external support of accountants. This paper will identify the key contributions of the paper written by Anatoli Bourmistrov and Katarina Kaarboe and critically evaluate the role of accountants and accounting practices in managing contemporary organisations. Beyond Budgeting The work titled ‘From comfort to stretch zones: A field study of two multinational companies applying â€Å"beyond budgeting† ideas’ was prepared by Anatoli Bourmistrov and Katarina Kaarboe. In this paper, the authors give particular focus to management control system s (MCSs) operating on the basis of beyond budgeting ideas. They explore how changes in the design principles of these systems have affected the transition of decision makers from comfort to stretch zones. The research work also identifies how this transition has influenced the supply of and demand for managerial information. This paper has been prepared in the background of the evidence that there are many organisational problems in connection with using budgets. From this scholarly work, it is identified that elements like discomfort with the establishment and comfort zones maintenance for decision makers through annual budgeting have persuaded organisations to think of new management control systems. The major aim of implementing beyond budgeting was to change the structure of the information supply. This process greatly assists organisations to effectively manage budget information relating to target setting, forecasts, and resource allocation processes. This paper clearly illust rates that new information from an MCS based on new design principles has significantly influenced the behaviour and mindset of decision makers. It is also observed that information use is different under this situation as compared to previous budget-focused practices. This study is greatly helpful for readers to understand that beyond budgeting (BB) practices aid organisations to develop a new type of management control system and information supply with intent to facilitate the transition of decision makers into the stretch zone. Bourmistrov and Kaarboe (2013) state that â€Å"BB is thus a search for new and more nuanced ‘comfort’ zones, where decision-makers will be, to an increasing degree, able to positively appreciate the entrepreneurial and challenging nature of managerial work and also be able to use new information for increasing interaction with the internal and external business environment, as well as for negotiations and learning†. This study is help ful to recognise how organisations that see budgeting as a problematic practice make changes to their management control systems and information supply. The paper also addresses the way the individuals in organisations change the practice of using information in connection with the change in BB practices. The authors present the concept of beyond budgeting as a change in mindset in contrast to traditional norms where BB was perceived as a small operational change. They add that the transformation identified seems to be a matter of

EYEWITNESS TO HISTORY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

EYEWITNESS TO HISTORY - Assignment Example What impression do you think Diaz had of Aztec civilization? How does he make his feelings clear? Diaz and company were all astonished having found a great size of Aztec population who had been fond of merchandising goods of various kinds. At a point, he appeared to gain a remarkable impression of the market’s orderliness which maintained goods in appropriate arrangements. Despite his testimonial of the Aztec people’s culture of giving significance to excrements, Diaz attempted to clear his little amount of shame for New Spain by stating how he sensed similarities and connection with his own homeland district where market stalls and fairs with this scenario were a common sight as well. What can we learn regarding Aztec culture, economics, and science from this? Based on such findings, one may readily claim that Aztec culture was rich in its own way since the people of Aztec civilization managed to identify advantages among diverse resources. This way, the economy may be thought to acquire flexibility in which everyone had a job to do that matched specific individual potentials.

Global Recession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Recession - Essay Example The boom in the housing market preceding the crisis was created through offering and promoting unregulated subprime mortgages in pursuit of stimulating demands to combat the slowing down in the aftermath of the busting of the dotcom bubble which led to a growth in the housing market that exceeded incomes finally culminating to the collapse. To understand the present global recession and its causes, it is pertinent to first understand any economic recession theoretically. According to Keynesian effective demand framework, a fall in real aggregate national income is triggered by a reduction in the effective aggregate demand (AD) which is composed of planned real aggregate consumption expenditure (C), a function of real aggregate national income itself, planned real aggregate investment expenditure (I), a function of the rate of returns on investment (r), Government Expenditure (G) which is usually taken to be autonomously determined and finally net export demand (defined as the difference between export demand and import demand, i.e., X - M). Now, in the Keynesian framework, there is sufficiently excess capacity to ensure prices and wages are sticky in the short run and thus a fall in aggregate demands leads to a fall in output. This fall again dampens demand for consumption expenditure which in turn leads to reduced agg regate demand and in turn reduced real aggregate output. This mechanism continues and the real aggregate income goes on falling which is tantamount to a recession. Thus it emerges that a recession must be triggered by a fall in any of the components of effective aggregate demand. (Mankiw, 2002) In fact a recession is a part of a business cycle that the economic growth of all advanced economies experiences. The idea of the business cycle is that the growth path of real aggregate output follows an oscillatory trend with the rise gradually moving onto a peak where after a reduction or contraction follows until it reaches a bottom and begins to move up once more. The movement towards the peak from the bottom or the trough is the period of expansion while the movement down from the peak to the trough is the period of recession. A period of recession is identified to be a depression if the real aggregate national income falls below the long run average trend. (McConnell & Brue, 2005) The expansion of the economy is supported and sometimes facilitated by monetary expansion on part of the monetary authority. This includes measures such as reducing the rate of interest to induce higher investment demand. This boosts the aggregate demand thereby leading to an upward spiral of rising real aggregate income. However, as the demand for investment rises there is a rise in interest rates which increase the cost of production. Further the rise in incomes which motivates greater consumer spending, thereby lead to higher commodity prices. Increased demand to invest in financial assets leads to risen asset prices. All these factors combined lead to a fall in real aggregate demand and thus a slowing down of the economy thereby triggering the downward movement (Foldvary, 2007). Often, to prevent or to restrict this downward movement, governments resort to expansionary monetary and fiscal policies to stimulate demands and motivate increased investment and consumer spending. As will be showed in what follows, the present